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LB DONIA 



Britain 

UNDER THE 

Romans. 



53. 



A 



School History 



OF 



ENGLAND, 



ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS. 



BY 

JOHN J. c ANDERSON, A.M., 

LATE PRINCIPAL OP GRAMMAR -SCHOOL NO. 31, NEW YORK CITY; AtTTHOB 
OP A GRA5IMAR SCHOOL HISTORY, AND A PICTORIAL SCHOOL 
HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES ; AND OP A 
MANUAL OP GENERAL HISTORY. 



NEW YORK: 
CLARK & MAYNARD, PUBLISHERS. 



1870. 



SCHOOL HISTORIES 



BT 



JOHX J. ANDERSON, A. M. 



1. Introductory School History of the United 

States. Illustrated with maps. 195 pp. 16mo. 

This work, though arranged on the catechetical plan, may he read as a continuous 
narrative, the text having heen fully written hefore the questions" were prepared. 
It is designed for classes of advanced as well as lower grades, in which 
only a vert brief outline of the history of the country from its dis- 
covery to the present tlsie is taught. 

2. Common School History of the United States. 

Illustrated with maps. 350 pp. 16mo. 

This work is more catechetical than the preceding, since the answers are more 
independent of each other. Designed for large graded schools. 

3. Grammar School History of the United States. 

With one series of maps showing the location of the places referred to: and another, 
showing the progress of the country in its territorial acquisitions and political 
divisions. 252 pp. 16mo. 

This work is on the narrative plan, with a set of questions for topical review at 
the end of the sections. It will meet all the wants of graded schools and 

ACADEMIES. 

4. Pictorial School History of the United States. 

fully illustrated with maps, portraits, vignettes, &c. 404 pp. 12mo. 

This work is also on the narrative plan, hat more circumstantial in its statements 
than the preceding. Designed for high-schools and academies. 

*** Each of the ahove-named works contains the Declaration of Independence, 
and the Constitution of the United States, with questions and explanations; and, in 
the Grammar School History, will also be found Washington's Farewell Address. 

5. A Manual of General History. 419 pp. i2mo. Eius- 

trated with maps, showing the changes in the political divisions of the woH3, and 
giving the location of important places. Various tahles of chronology and contem- 
poraneous events are also given, with a complete pronouncing index. Designed 

FOR CLASSES OF ADVANCED GRADE. /^ 

<R. A School History of England. 300 pp. i2mo. illus- 
trated with maps, showing the geographical changes in the country at different 
periods. Chronological and genealogical tables are given ; also a complete pro- 
nouncing index. Designed for classes of advanced grade. 

7. Anderson's Bloss's Ancient History. illustrated with 

colored maps and a chart. 445 pp. 12mo. Designed for classes of high grade. 

JSr* One of the leading aims in all of Anderson 's Histories is to connect the geogra- 
phy with the chronology. 

CLARK & MAYNARD, Publishers, 

NEW YORK. 

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870. by John J. Anderson, in che office 
01' the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 






PREFACE. 



The object of this work is to supply to teachers and 
students a history of England containing the features of 
the author's popular school histories of the United States. 
Accordingly, the text has been made brief, but clear and 
explicit; questions have been appended at the foot of each 
page, to aid in study and recitation, and review questions 
added at the end of each section, for the purpose of prac- 
tising the student in topical narration. Maps, showing 
the progressive changes in the political divisions of the 
country, and the location of the places referred to, are 
interspersed through the work, and chronological tables 
inserted at frequent intervals. The same system with 
regard to dates has been followed as is employed in the 
author's Manual of General History, they being inserted 
freely, but so as to form no essential part of the narrative. 
The pronunciation of proper names is also given wherever 
it was thought the student might need this information. 
The biographical and other references will, it is thought, 
be found a most convenient addition to a work of this 
kind. The size of the work has been dictated by a con- 
sideration of the limited time which, according to the 
present school requirements, can be given to this subject; 
and the author hopes that in this, as well as in other 
respects, it will meet the approval of those from whom his 
previous publications have received so generous a support 
and commendation. 



MAPS. 



PAGE 

1. Britain under the Romans (Progressive Map No. 1), Frontispiece. 

2. Settlements of the Saxons and Angles (Progressive Map 

No. 2) , .facing 22 

3. Britain in the time of Egbert (Progressive Map No. 3), facing 28 

4. Britain at the death of Edward the Confessor (Progressive 

Map No. 4) .facing 48 

5. France and the Neighboring Countries 55 

6. Great Britain (Modern) (Progressive Map No. 5) .facing 71 

7. Southern Europe (Progressive Map No. 6) facing 126 

8. Ireland 201 

9. British India 227 



GENEALOGICAL TABLES. 



PAGE 

1. Of the Saxon Kings 52 

2. Of the Norman Kings 70 

3. Of the Plantagenets 106 

4. Of the Lancaster and York Family 123 

5. Of the Tudor Family 159 

6. Of the Stuart Family 217 

7. Of the Brunswick Kings 276 



CONTENTS. 



TAGE 

INTRODUCTION 7 

I. Geography of the British Isles (7) ; II. Old English words 
and names (8) ; III. Legendary History of Britain (9). 

PART I.— ANCIENT BRITAIN. 

SECTION I. — Britain under the Romans 13 

Manners, C as to ins, etc., of the Britons (14) ; Progress of Civ- 
ilization (20). 
SECTION II. — Britain under the Saxons.' 22 

Review questions (27). 

PART II.— ENGLAND IN THE MIDDLE AGES. 

SECTION I.— The Anglo-Saxon and Danish Kings 28 

Egbert (28); Ethel wolf (30); Ethelbald and Ethelbert (30); 
Ethelred (31) ; Alfred the Great (31) ; Edward the Elder (34) ; 
Athelstan (35) ; Edmund (35) ; Edred (36) ; Edwy (36) ; Edgar 
(37) ; Edward the Martyr (38) ; Ethelred II. (38) ; Edmund 
Ironside (40); The Danish Kings, — Canute (41); Harold 
(43) ; Hardicanute (44) ; Saxon Kings restored : — Edward 
the Confessor (44) ; Harold II. (48) ; State of Society among 
the Anglo-Saxons (49) ; Chronological Recapitulation (52) ; 
Genealogical Table of the Saxon Kings (52) ; Review ques- 
tions (53). 

SECTION II.— The Norman Family 54 

William I. (54) ; William II. (59) ; Henry I. (61) ; Stephen 
(63) ; State of Society under the Norman Kings (65) ; Chro- 
nological Recapitulation (70) ; Genealogical Table of the 
Norman Kings (70) ; Review questions (70). 

SECTION III.— The Plantagenets 71 

Henry II. (71) ; Richard I. (73) ; John (75) ; Henry III. (79) ; 
Edward I. (82) ; Edward II. (87) ; Edward III. (90) ; Richard 
II. (95) ; State of Society under the Plantagenets (102) ; Chro- 
nological Recapitulation (105) ; Genealogical Table of the 
Plantagenets (106) ; Review questions (106). 



6 CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

SECTION IV.— The Houses of York and Lancaster 108 

Henry IV. (108); Henry V. (109); Henry VI. (Ill) ; Edward 
IV. (116); Edward V. (118); Richard III. (119); State of 
Society under the Houses of York and Lancaster (121) ; 
Chronological Recapitulation (123) ; Genealogical Table of 
the Lancastrian and York Families (125) ; Review ques- 
tions (125). 

PART III. -MODERN ENGLAND. 

SECTION I.— The Tudor Family 126 

Henry VII. (126) ; Henry VIII. (130) ; Edward VI. (139) ; 
Mary ^141) ; Elizabeth (145) ; State of Society under the 
Tudors (153) ; Chronological Recapitulation (158) ; Genea- 
logical Table of the Tudors (159); Review questions (159). 

SECTION II.— The Stuart Family 160 

James I. (160) ; Charles I. (165) ; The Commonwealth (179) : 
Richard Cromwell (184) ; Charles II. (185); James II. (194); 
William and Mary (199) ; William III. (203) ; Anne (205) 
State of Society under the Stuarts (208) ; Chronological Re- 
capitulation (215) ; Genealogical Table of the Stuarts (217); 
Review questions (217). 

SECTION III.— The House of Brunswick 219 

George I. (219) ; George II. (221) ; Conquests in India (227) ; 
George III. (230) ; State of Society under the first three 
Brunswick Kings (249) ; George IV. (256) ; William IV. 
(259) ; Victoria (261) ; State of Society since the accession of 
George IV. (272) ; Chronological Recapitulation (275) ; Gene- 
alogical Table of the House of Brunswick (276) ; Review 
questions (277). 

APPENDIX. 

I. The British Constitution 279 

II. General Vlew of the British Empire 283 



HtfTKODTJOTIOK 



I. GEOGRAPHY OF THE BRITISH ISLES. 

1. The British Isles lie between the 49th and 61st 
degrees of north latitude, and the 2d of east and the 
11th of west longitude. The largest of these, Great 
Britain, comprising the three countries, England, Wales, 
and Scotland, contains nearly 90,000 square miles, or 
nearly twice the area of the State of New York. Its 
entire population in 1861 was about twenty-four millions. 
Ireland, lying to the west of Great Britain, contains about 
32,500 square miles, and in 1861 had a population of 
about five millions eight hundred thousands. 

2. These countries are now divided into counties, or 
shires, of which England has 40, Wales 12, Scotland 33, 
and Ireland 32. The Eomans divided the island of 
Britain into five provinces : viz., 1. Britannia Prima, 
situated south of the Thames and the Severn rivers; 
2. Britannia Secunda, now Wales (nearly); 3. Flavia 
Cmsarisn'ses (Flavia Caesarian province), situated to the 
north of the Thames, east of the Severn, and south of the 
Mersey and Humber rivers; 4. Maxima Cmsarienses (the 
great Cresarian province), extending from the Mersey and 
the Humber as far as the wall of Adrian, or Severus; and 
Valentia (from the emperor Valens), situated between the 
wall of Adrian, or Severus, and the rampart of Agricola. 
The region to the north of Valentia was called Caledonia 
(from a word meaning people of the woods). 

Questions.— 1. How are the British Isles situated? What does Great Britain 
comprise ? Its extent ? Population ? Extent and population of Ireland ? 

2. How are these countries divided ? Roman divisions of Britain ? Situation 
of each ? Caledonia ? Municipal towns ? Colonies ? 



INTRODUCTION. 



The municipal towns were Ebur'acum (York), and 
Verula'mium (St. Albans). There were nine colonies, 
the chief of which were Londinium (London), Aquce 
Solis (Bath), Deva (Chester), and Lindiun (Lincoln). 

3. The first of these provinces became, after the Saxon 
conquest, Kent, Sussex, andWessex; the second, North 
aud South Wales; the third, Essex, Middlesex, East 
Anglia, and Mercia. East Anglia comprised Norfolk 
and Suffolk. The Great Caesarian province became 
Northurnbria, comprising Deira and Bernicia; and 
Valentia became Strathclyde, a British kingdom, and 
a part of the Saxon kingdom of Deira. Beyond the 
mainland of Scotland lie the Orkney Islands on the 
north, and the Hebrides on the west. These were 
scarcely known to the Eomans, but in after time were 
occupied by the Northmen. 

4. Ireland was never occupied by the Romans or Sax- 
ons; but before its conquest by the English was divided 
into the five kingdoms of Minister, Leinster, Meath, Ulster, 
and Connaught. Eour of these names are still preserved 
as the designations of provinces. Minister occupies the 
south and southwest; Leinster, the east; Connaught, the 
west; and Ulster, the north. Ireland was anciently called 
I-er'ne, a word which, in the Celtic language, is supposed to 
mean ivest. The Eomans called it Hibernia. Its present 
name is doubtless derived from its ancient appellation. 

II. OLD-ENGLISH WORDS AND NAMES. 

5. The Old-English, or Anglo-Saxon, language was essen- 
tially the same language as that now denominated the Eng- 
lish language; but in the course of centuries it has, by 

3. What did Britannia Prima comprise under the Saxons ? Britannia Se- 
cunda ? The Plavia Caesarian Province ? The Great Ciesarian Province ? Va- 
lentia ? What islands lie beyond '! By whom were they occupied ? 

4. Ireland ? Its ancient divisions ? Modern provinces and their situation ? Ita 
ancient name? Roman name ? Modern name ? 

5. Old-English language ? How changed ? Proper names ? 



INTRODUCTION". 



degrees, been so changed that it cannot now be understood 
except by those who have specially studied it. Most of the 
proper names now used have a meaning which was very 
plain to those who employed them in former times, but 
which, at the present time, needs an explanation. In 
these names, we have representatives of the various 
tongues which have contributed to our modern English. 

6. Thus, avon is Celtic for stream ; strath for valley, as in 
Strath clyde; and pen for head, promontory, or hill, as in 
Pen Mon, the head of Mona Island. The Gaelic form of 
the latter (in Scotland) is ben, as in Ben Nevis. In words 
ending in caster, cester, and Chester, derived from the w T ord 
castra, a camp, we have the Latin element; as in Lancas- 
ter, Gloucester, Winchester, &c. Also in Stratton — Street- 
town, from strata, a street, and in Jersey, from Csesare/a. 

7. In the early history of England many names of 
persons are used, an explanation of the meaning of 
wilich will serve to enable the student more easily to 
remember them, besides increasing his interest in the 
history itself. Thus, Alfred is all-peace; Egbert, eye- 
bright; Bertha, the bright; Albert, all-bright; EVgiva, 
— corrupted from celf-gifu, elf-gift; Ethelwolf, the noble 
wolf (ethel, mthel, or athel, noble) ; Eth'elred, noble in 
council; Ath'eling, son of a noble, or prince; Ath'elsta?i, 
precious stone; Edmund, a good protector; Edwin, good 
or prosperous in battle ; Edward, a good guardian, &c. 

III. LEGENDARY HISTORY OF BRITAIN. 

8. The early history of Britain, as of most other coun- 
tries, consists of stories or legends, of the truth of which 
no satisfactory evidence can be adduced. Previous to the 
account given by Caesar, in his " Commentaries," of the in- 

6. Meaning of awn? Strath? Pen? Illustrations of each ? Meaning of the 
terminations caster, cester, and Chester ? Stratton? Jersey ? 

7. Names of persons ? Meaning: of Alfred, Egbert, &c. ? 

8. Early history of Britain ? Early records ? 

1* 



10 INTRODUCTION. 



habitants, nothing, as far as is known, was recorded of the 
events occurring among them. The Druids, indeed, prohib- 
ited such records as irreligious and unlawful. Therefore, 
as remarked by Milton, "from the first peopling of Britain 
to the coming of Julius Caesar, there is nothing certainly 
known, either by tradition, history, or ancient fame." 

9. The old chroniclers, however, and particularly Geof- 
frey of Monmouth, give the history of an almost uninter- 
rupted series of events from the earliest ages down to the 
period of authentic history. According to these, the 
ancient inhabitants of the island, called Albion, were a 
race of giants, who, being greatly reduced in number by 
the fierce wars which they waged among themselves, were 
finally subdued and destroyed by Brutus, a Trojan prince, 
and a descendant of JEneas, who fled to Italy from the 
ruins of Troy. 

10. This Brutus divided Albion, which he found in a 
waste condition, among his own people, and built a great 
city on the Thames River, which he called "New Troy." 
The time assigned for these events is the period of the 
Judges in Jewish history; and from that remote age, 
down to the coming of Caesar, the long line of kings, 
descendants of Brutus, are given in this mythological 
history with great particularity, both as to dates and 
names. Among these was Bladucl, who becoming a 
leper, and therefore being obliged to flee from his father's 
court, was cured by bathing in the hot springs of the 
Avon, where he afterward founded the city of Bath. 

11. The son and successor of this king was Lear, whose 
story forms the foundation of one of Shakspeare's greatest 
tragedies. According to the legend, this king, in his old 
age, in order to be relieved from the care and labor of 
government, divided his dominions between his two 

9. What history is given of the early times? By whom? What is said of 
Brutus ? 

10. What was done by Brutus? His successors ? Bladud ? 

11. The legend of King Lear ? At what period is it placed ? 



INTRODUCTION. 11 



daughters, Gron'eril and Eegan, discarding his youngest 
daughter Cordelia, because he thought she was wanting 
in. affection for him, since her protestations of filial love 
were less vehement than those of her sisters. The latter, 
however, proved more sincere ; for the too indulgent father 
having been treated with the basest ingratitude and un- 
kindness by those whom he had endowed with his power 
and possessions, was finally compelled to seek a refuge 
with her whom he had disowned, and was by her and 
her husband, a Gaulish prince, restored to his throne. 
This reign is placed by the chroniclers in the sixth cen- 
tury before Christ. 

12. Many years after this there reigned a king named 
Lud, who enlarged, and built walls around, the city of 
New Troy. After him it was called Caerlud, or Lad's 
Toivn, changed in course of time to London. Lud was a 
brave and warlike monarch, genial in disposition, and 
festive in his habits; and hence is represented as very 
popular. He was buried in a part of London, now called 
Ludgate. It was during the reign of his son, Cas-sib' e-laun, 
as it is said, that the invasion of Caesar took place; and 
among his later descendants was Cu-nob' e-line, or Cymbe- 
line (sim'be-Mne), whose history forms the foundation of 
another of Shakspeare's plays. 

/i3. Such is the story of the Trojan kings of Britain, 
thoroughly believed in by many of the old writers, but 
evidently fictitious, being based, in part, upon names 
derived from a very different origin. The legend is, 
however, of very great antiquity. According to Sir 
Francis Palgrave, there is some reason to believe that 
the story of Brutus was invented by the bards, to gain 
favor with those Avho prided themselves on being de- 
scended from iEneas, the Trojan prince, and thus related 



12. What is narrated of King Lud? During whose reign is Caesar's invasion 
placed '? What is said of CymbeTine ? 

13. What in remarked of these legends ? Their antiquity and origin ? 



12 INTRODUCTION". 



to the kings of Rome. This, however, cannot be deter- 
mined ; but it is certainly more probable that the name of 
Britain gave rise to the story of Brutus than that the 
island received its ancient appellation from the name of 
that mythical prince. 

14. This legendary history, although now set aside as 
fabulous and scarcely worthy of remark, did, in its own 
time, important service in the formation of the British 
character ; and hence the people were wise in clinging as 
long as possible to their faith in these ennobling traditions. 
That proud ancestry, and the lofty achievements which 
were attributed^ in the songs of the bards, to the early 
British race, inspired each succeeding generation with a 
love of brave exploits, a contempt of danger, and a lofty 
patriotism, which could only be crushed out after the na- 
tion had for centuries been trodden under the iron heel of 
the Roman invader. 

15. An attachment to the legends of the past seems to 
be an almost universal sentiment among mankind. Those 
shadowy periods, so dim and vague from their distance, 
are the chosen theatre in which fancy delights to present 
her favorite characters and to enact her fondest dramas ; 
and the charm with which these creations of ijie imagina- 
tion are cherished, is the more powerful in proportion as 
they are contrasted with the sober and often repulsive 
scenes of real life and history. Hence, as remarked by a 
great historian, there are two distinct periods in the exist- 
ence of every nation, — the age of historical faith and the 
age of historical reason. 

14. Of what service was the legendary history ? In what way was this influ- 
ence exerted ? 

15. What leads to an attachment to the legends of the past? What two pe- 
riods in a nation's history are referred to ? 



HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 



PART I. 

ANCIENT BRITAIN 



section i. 
Britain under the Eomans. 

Extending from the Landing of Ccesar (55 B. C.) to the Invasion 
of the Saxons (449 A. D). 

1. The southwestern shores of Britain were visited by 
Phoenician (fe-nish'e-an) and Carthaginian navigators 
many centuries previous to the Christian era, their chief 
object being to obtain a supply of tin from the extensive 
mines of that metal existing in the island. This is thought 
by some to be the origin of the name Britannia, or Britain, 
supposed to mean the " Land of Tin."* The more ancient 
name of the island was Albion, or the White Isle, from the 
chalk cliffs on its southern shore. 

* Or, according to some, from the Celtic brith, or hrit, meaning painted ; as the Britons were 
in the habit of painting or stainiug their bodies. 



Map Questions. — (Progressive Map. No. 1.) Into what five provinces were the 
Roman possessions divided ? Where was Britan'nia Pri'ma ? Britannia Secunda ? 
Fla'via Csesarien'sis ? Max'ima Caesariensis ? Valen'tia ? What was the northern 
part of the island called ? Where was the country of the Cantii (kan'she-i) ? Of 
the Damno'nii ? Of the Belsjse ? Of the Ice'ni ? Of the Silu'res ? Of the Corita'ni ? 
Of the Brisah'tes ? Where was Londin'ium {London)? Ehor'acum (York)? 
A'quse So'lis (Bath)'! Ander'ida (Pev'ensey)? Lindum (Lincoln)? Ra'tse (Lei- 
cester) ? Vernla'mum (St. Albans) ? What island near the southern shore of 
Britain ? What islands between Britain and Hibernia (Ireland) ? Where did 
Caesar land ? Where was the wall of Agricola ? Of Adrian ? 

1. By whom was Britain visited ? When ? For what purpose ? What is the 
origin of the name Britain ? What more ancient name, and whence derived ? 



14 BRITAIN UNDER THE ROMANS. [B. C. 55. 

2. Its authentic history commences with the invasion 
by Julius Caesar (55 b. a), who, having made a conquest 
of Gaul, determined to carry* his victorious arms against 
the bold islanders who had given important aid to his 
enemies, the Gauls. Accordingly, he crossed the channel, 
and with great difficulty effected a landing on the souths 
eastern shore (at Deal), being vigorously opposed by the 
Britons, who had assembled in large numbers to repel the 
invaders of their country. Roman skill and discipline, 
however, prevailed; and Caesar, having gained a great vic- 
tory over the rude forces of the Britons, made a temporary 
peace with them, and returned to Gaul. 

3. In the spring of the next year, he made a second 
expedition to Britain with a fleet of eight hundred ships, 
carrying thither an army of more than 20,000 men. He 
landed at the same place as before, and marched into the 
country, being obstinately opposed by a British chieftain 
named Cas-wall'on (called by the Eomans Cas-si-ve- 
laun'us), whom, however, he defeated in every battle. 
After he had penetrated into the country beyond the 
Thames, the Britons sued for peace, which Caesar, wishing 
to return, granted on condition that a tribute should be 
paid to Eome. Notwithstanding his many victories, Caesar 
on his departure had made no permanent conquest of any 
part of the island; and almost a century elapsed before 
any other attempt was made by the Eomans to subdue it. 

4. Manners, Customs, &c, of the Britons. The 
inhabitants of Britain had made at this time but little 
advancement in civilization; but the southeastern tribes 
were much superior in this respect to those of the other 
parts. They practised tillage with a certain rude skill, 
and built round huts of timber and reeds, resting on 
foundations of stone, and covered with a conical roof, in 

2. How and when does its authentic history begin ? Describe Cesar's invasion. 

3. Describe the second invasion by Csesar. What was the result of these inva- 
sions ? When did the Romans renew the ai tempt at conquest ? 

4. What is said of the ancient-Britons? Their habitations ? Their clothing? 



BRITAIN UNDER THE ROMANS. - 15 



the centre of which was an aperture for the passage of 
smoke. Their habitations Avere frequently changed, either 
in hope of plunder, or in quest of better pasture for their 
flocks and herds. They wore very little clothing, not- 
withstanding the coldness of the climate, but painted or 
tattooed their bodies, using for the purpose a plant called 
woad, which yields a juice of a blue color. 
A^" 5. Their arms consisted of a shield and javelins, and a 
sword. Their forces were mostly on foot; but they also 
fought on horseback, and in chariots with scythes and 
hooks affixed to the axles; and these they managed with 
w r onderful dexterity. Their religion was a terrible super- 
stition called Druidism; the priests, called Druids, being 
not only the ministers of religion, but judges, physicians, 
and teachers. They worshipped the sun and moon, fire, 
the serpent, and many other false deities; and among the 
rites which they practised, human sacrifice was quite 
frequent; immense figures, or cages, formed of osiers, 
being often filled with human beings, and then set on fire. 
The Druids were accustomed to live in caverns or amid 
the gloom of deep forests; and their veneration for the 
oak and mistletoe was quite remarkable. 

6. One class of the Druids, called Bards, w T ere poets 
and musicians. These attended the chieftains in their 
halls, and sang their praises; and in battle they cheered 
on their countrymen by their music on the harp. The 
various tribes of the Britons were each governed by a 
chieftain, but in times of great danger, they united for 
self-defence, and selected a commander-in-chief. At other 
times jealousies and animosities among neighboring tribes 
occasioned continual contests, so that war was the princi- 
pal occupation, and military glory the chief object of 
ambition among all the people. 

5. What arms did they use ? How did they fight? What was their religion? 
What is said of the Druids ? 

6. What is said of the Bards ? How were the Britons governed ? What was 
their chief employment ? 



1G BRITAIN UNDER THE ROMAN'S. [A. ». 51. 

7. Renewed attempts of the Romans to Con- 
quer the Britons. The civil wars in which the 
Romans were so long engaged prevented them from 
enforcing a fulfillment of the treaty which the van- 
quished Britons had made to Caesar. It was contrary to 
the policy of Augustus to extend the territorial domain of 
the empire, and the same policy was observed by his 
immediate successors. Meanwhile, the Britons kept up 
their intercourse with Rome, sending some of their vounp; 
men thither to be educated; and by this means improved 
their manners and habits. At length, the Emperor Clau- 
dius, instigated by a British exile, determined to undertake 
their subjugation (43 a. d.). 

8. Accordingly, a considerable army was sent to Britain, 
under the command of Au'lus Flautius (plau'she-us) ; and 
although, the Britons fought bravely for their liberty, they 
were defeated in many battles; so that when Claudius 
himself arrived, several of the tribes in the southeastern 
part of the island made submission to him. The other 
Britons, however, under a brave leader named Car'adoc, 
or Carac'tacus, still held out; until being defeated by a 
Roman general named Osto'rius, Caractacus was made a 
prisoner and carried to Rome (a. d. 51). His noble bear- 
ing, and the magnanimity which he displayed, excited the 
respect of his conquerors, and he was set at liberty. 

9. Many of the western tribes still maintained a stub- 
born resistance, and for years baffled all the efforts of the 
invaders. In the reign of Xero, Suetonius (swe-to' ne-us) 
received the command of the Romau legion in Britain 
(a. d. 59) ; and finding that the hostility of the Britons 
was sustained through the influence of the Druids, he 
succeeded in reducing the island of Anglesey, which was 
their chief place of residence. Their altars were over- 



7. Why was the conquest of Britain not prosecuted? What intercourse was 
established ? When and by whom was the conquest resumed ': 

8. What was done by Plautius ? What is said of < araclacus ? 
9. What was accomplished by Suetonins? 



% 



A. ». 85.] BRITAIN UNDER THE ROMANS. 17 

turned, their sacred groves leveled with the ground, and 
many of the priests and priestesses were either massacred, 
or consumed in the flames of their burning shrines, ^r- 

10. Meanwhile, the Britons of the eastern counnes, 
exasperated by the wicked and tyrannical conduct of the 
Roman governor, revolted; and, led by their brave queen 
Boadicea (bo-ah-dis'e-ah), who, with her daughters, had 
been treated in the most ignominious manner, attacked 
and destroyed many of the Roman settlements. The 
principal of theseAvas London, which Suetonius was 
compelled to abaftdon to the fury of its British assail- 
ants, by whom it #as reduced to ashes. More than 70,000 
Romans are said to have been slain by Boadicea's army. 
Defeated, however, after a long and fierce battle, by Sue- 
tonius, she terminated her life by taking poison (a. d. 62). 

11. Several other generals were successively sent to 
Britain to carry on the work of subjugation ; but it was 
not until Julius Agric'ola obtained the command (a. d. 78) 
that the Roman dominion was finally established in the 
island (a. d. 85). This able and excellent man, during 
the six years of his administration, sought to make the 
Roman yoke easy to the conquered people. He encour- 
aged agriculture, introduced the arts and sciences, as well 
as the study of the Latin language, improved the govern- 
ment, and thus gave to the rude Britons the benefit of 
Roman civilization. He extended his sway into the 
northern part of the island, called Caledo'nia, which was 
inhabited by a wild and very warlike people, over whom 
Agricola gained a great victory near the Gram'pian Hills. 

12. The Caledonians, although defeated, were by no 
means subdued; and for many years afterward, continued 
to harass the Britons and their governors, having de- 



10. What is said of Boadicea? 

1 1 . What was effected by Agricola ? In M'hat way ? How far did his conquests 
extend ? Where was Caledonia ? 

12. What is further said of the Caledonians ? What walls were built? With 
what effect ? 



18 BRITAIN UNDER THE ROMANS. [A. I>. 208. 

stroyed the fortifications (between the Forth and Clyde) 
which Agricola had erected to prevent their incursions. 
The emperor Adrian, after ineffectual efforts to subdue 
them, constructed an earthen rampart between the Tyne 
River and Solway Frith (a. d. 121). This was afterward 
called the "Picts' Wall/' and considerable remains of it 
still exist. During the reign of his successor, Antoninus, 
the continued attacks of the northern tribes necessitated 
the construction of another chain of fortifications extend- 
ing between the friths of Forth and ^ Clyde (a. d. 140). 
Subsequently, the emperor Seve'rus, after pursuing these 
fierce barbarians to their northern wilds, made a treaty 
with them; and on his return, constructed a solid wall of 
stone twelve feet high, along the line of Adrian's fortifica- 
tions (a. d. 208). For more than seventy years after this, 
Britain remained comparatively undisturbed. 

13. In the latter part of the third century, the eastern 
coasts were so much harassed by the attacks of Saxon 
pirates that the emperor Diocle'tiaii appointed a special 
officer to protect this part of the province. Carausius 
(ca-rau 'she-us) , who received this appointment, disowned 
his allegiance, and making an alliance with the Saxons, 
asserted for himself supreme authority in Britain (a. d. 
286). He was, a few years afterward, assassinated, by his 
own officer, who in turn usurped the supreme power, but 
was defeated by the emperor Constantius {con- stem' she-us) 
(a. d. 296). This emperor died in York (A. d. 306); and 
there his son, Constantine the Great, was saluted emperor. 
This illustrious monarch was the son of a British princess, 
whom Constantius had married. 

14, Under Constantine and his immediate successors, 
Britain enjoyed many years of tranquillity; the incursions 
of the barbarians were repressed, and commerce and the 



13. What, is said of Carausins ? Of Constantius ? Of Constantine ? 

14. What was the condition of Britain under Constantine and his successors 
What is aid of the Scots and Piers ? 



I 



A. ». 418.] BRITAIN UNDER THE ROMANS. 19 

arts of peace were encouraged. But the northern tribes, 
now under the name of Scots and JPicts, soon renewed 
their ravages. The former appear to have been a wild 
race from Ireland, which island for centuries bore the 
name of Scotia; while the Picts were probably a Cale- 
donian tribe of British origin. During the reign of 
Valentinian I., these savage hordes penetrated as far as 
London, but were driven back by Theodosius, father of 
the great emperor of the same name (a. d. 368),^!^ 

15. During the subsequent reigns, the Scots and Picts, 
although often vanquished by the Roman legions, contin- 
ued to be a terror to the Britons, whose distresses were 
greatly increased by the withdrawal of the Eoman armies, 
under Honorius, by whom they were needed to protect his 
dominions against the Goths. Some temporary assistance 
was supplied by Stilicho (stU'e-ko) (396 A. D.) ; and, at the 
earnest entreaty of the Britons, the island was once more 
visited by a Eoman army (418 A. D.), on the occasion of a 
new inroad of the Scots and Picts # They, however, 
remained only long enough to repel the enemy, when the 
Romans^ took their final leave, after repairing the for- 
tresses, and instructing the inhabitants in the means 
necessary for their defense. 

16. Notwithstanding this, the Britons soon found 
themselves entirely unable to repel the incursions of the 
Scots and Picts, who took advantage of their unprotected 
state, and burnt and plundered worse than at any -previous 
time. The attacks of the Saxons also added to their 
embarrassment and misery. In 446, the unhappy Britons 
made a most piteous appeal to their former conquerors to 
send them aid. They addressed a letter to the Roman 
patrician Aetius (a-e'she-iis), recounting their distresses, 
and bearing .the inscription "the Groans of the Britons." 

15. What other invasions were made by them? Why did the Romans leave 
Britain ? Give an account of their last visit. 

16. Describe the distresses of the Britons. What appeal did they make to the 
Romans ? 



20 BRITAIN TJKDER THE ROMANS. [A. ». 449. 

"The barbarians," they said, "on the one hand chase us 
into the sea; the sea on the other throws us back upon the 
barbarians; and we have only the hard choice left us of 
perishing by the sword or by the waves." > 

17. Aetius was, however, too much pressed by the 
Huns, under their terrific leader At'tila, to be able to 
afford them any aid; and, at length, in desperation, they 
formed an alliance with the piratical Saxons in order to 
repel their other enemies, the Scots and Picts, being 
guided, it is said, by the counsels of a powerful British 
prince, named Yor'ti-gern. The Saxon forces, under their 
leaders, Hen'ghist and Hor'sa, two brothers, landed on the 
island of Than'et, in accordance with this invitation, 
having readily agreed to the terms proposed by the Britons 
(a. d. 449). This event marks the close of Roman influence 
in the island, and the commencement of that of the Saxons. 

18. Progress of Civilization. On the departure of 
the Romans, five centuries had elapsed since the landing 
of Caesar, during a]?out four of which a large part of the 
island had been under Roman dominion, and had assumed 
a condition of considerable prosperity. Agriculture and 
the useful arts had made so much progress, that consider- 
able quantities of grain were exported to the other provin- 
ces of the empire, and British builders and artisans were 
in request on the continent. Roman towns, light-houses, 
roads, and bridges continued to exist for some time; and 
in many of the towns there were theatres, temples, and 
palaces. On the site of Westminster Abbey stood a 
temple of Apollo, and on that of St. Paul's Cathedral, a 
temple of Diana. 

19. The country was not, however, completely Roman- 
ized; the people continued to speak their own language; 

17. What did they at last do? What was done by the Saxons? What does 
this event mark? 

18. How long was Britain in the possession of the Romans? What changes 
took place ? 

19. Describe the people. How was the country divided ? 



A. D. 44').] BRITAIN L'KDER THE ROMAN'S. . 21 

and while the conquerors and their descendants occupied 
the towns, they alone possessing municipal privileges, the 
natives were generally peasants, occupying a rank in 
society but little above that of serfs. The country was 
divided into five provinces, each having its own ruler, and 
the whole was under the government of a Vica'rius, or 
Deputy, who resided at Eb-or'a-cum (York). 

20. Christianity was introduced into Britain at an early 
period, probably during the second half of the second 
century. During the reign of Diocle'tian {-slie-an), the 
British Christians suffered a severe persecution. The 
churches were razed, and many of the worshippers suf- 
fered torture and death, — among them, the proto-martyr 
St. Al'ban, long celebrated both in his own country and 
abroad. The Bible had been translated into the British 
tongue, and many of the ecclesiastics gained great fame 
for their learning and piety. The British Christians were 
represented in the Council at Aries (arl) by three bishops 
(a. d. 314); so that it is evident that Christianity had 



even then made considerable progress in the island.. 



ki 



20. When and how was Christianity introduced ? What persecutions were 
suffered ? What is said of St. Alban? What further of the British Christians ? 



22 BRITAIN UNDER THE SAXONS. [A. ». 449. 



SECTION II. 

Britain under the Saxons. 

Extending from the Landing of Henghist and Horsa (A. D. 449) to the 
Union of ilie Saxon Kingdoms under Egbert (A. D. 827). 

1. With the aid of the Saxons under Henghist and 
Horsa, the Britons were enabled to drive back the Scots 
and Picts; and in return for the services thus rendered, the 
brothers were allowed to settle, with their companions, on 
the Isle of Thanet, where they were soon joined by others 
of their countrymen, whom they invited over. It is said 
that a beautiful daughter of Henghist, Kowe'na by name, 
captivated the British king, Vort'igern, and that, becom- 
ing his bride, she persuaded him to give up to her country- 
men the whole of Kent. Whether this be true or not, it 
is certain that the Saxons soon began to encroach upon 
the lands of the Britons, and that their numbers were con- 
stantly augmented by new accessions from Germany. 

2. Fierce battles were fought between the forces of 
Henghist and Horsa and the Britons; in one of which 
Horsa was slain (a. d. 455). The Saxons were, however, 
generally victorious, and finally succeeded in completely 
securing their possessions in Kent, which thus became the 
first Saxon kingdom founded in the island. It remained 
a powerful state for more than a century afterward. 



Map Questions. — (Progressive Map, No. 2.) Where were the settlements of 
the South Saxons? Of the West Saxons? Of the East Saxons ? Of the Middle 
Saxons? Where was Kent? Where were the East Angles? How divided? 
Where were the Middle Angles ? Where was Mercia ? Norfhumbria ? Why so 
called? (Am. — Because north of the Humber River.) How divided ? Where was 
Damnonia, or West Wales ? North Wales? Cumbria? Strath Clyde ? Where 
was the country of the Picts? Of the Scots? Thanet Island ? Wight? 

1. What was done with the aid of the Saxons? How were they rewarded? 
What legend is mentioned ? What, was the fact ? 

2. What battles were fought? With what result? Which was the first Saxon 
kingdom ? 



Progressive Map N?2. 




A. ». 626.] BRITAIN UNDER THE SAXONS. 23 

3. In tlie mean time, other bodies of Saxons arrived and 
settled in different parts of the island. Among these a 
kindred race, called Angles, came oyer, also from Germany, 
and made their home in such territories as they could 
wrest from the native inhabitants. They seem to have 
been a more numerous and energetic people even than the 
Saxons, as they occupied larger districts, and at length 
gave their name to the whole country. 

4. By these invasions the following states were formed: 
1. Kent; 2. Sussex, or the South Saxons; 3. Wessex, or 
the West Saxons; 4. Essex, or the East Saxons, including 
Middlesex, or the Middle Saxons; 5. East Angiia, formed 
by Angles, originally consisting of two tribes, North-folk 
and South-folk (hence, Norfolk and Suffolk); 6. Northum- 
brian that is, the country north of the Humber Eiver, 
which at first consisted of two states, called in Latin 
De-i'ra and Bemicia ; 7. Mercia, or the March, or bound- 
ary, being situated on the border of Deira and East 
Angiia. It was conquered by Anglian chieftains in the 
seventh century (a. d. 626). These seven states consti- 
tuted what is known in history as the Saxon Heptarchy ; 
although the number of independent Saxon kingdoms 
was at no time exactly seven. 

5. The different Saxon kingdoms of the Heptarchy 
were almost incessantly engaged in fierce wars with one 
another. Their common enemies, the British, or Welsh, 
as they called them (meaning in their language foreigners), 
and the Scots, obliged them, however, to form some kind 
of alliance, and they usually acknowledged the sovereign 
of one of the states, supreme commander, or as they called 
him, Bret'wal-da, that is, Britain-wielder. Several of the 
Saxon monarchs held this office and title, the most dis- 

3. What other settlers arrived ? What is said of the Angles ? 

4. What states .were formed? What is said of East Angiia? Northumbria ? 
Mercia? When and by whom was this state conquered? What did they con- 
stitute? 

5. In what were they engaged? Why did they form an alliance? What is 
meant by Bretwalda ? By whom was this office held ? 



24 BRITAIN UXDER THE SAXOXS. 

tinguished of whom was Eth'elbert, King of Kent, who 
was Bretwalda for about fifty years. 

6. During the period of these encroachments, compre- 
hending about a century and a half, the British or Welsh 
made a stubborn but ineffectual resistance, and were 
driven into the western parts of the island, and formed 
several small states. In the southwest lay Damno'nia, or 
West Wales, founded by the famous King Arthur, whose , 
exploits In connection with the legendary "Knights of the 
Round Table," have been so widely celebrated in poetry - 
and song. In Cambria, or Wales, were several other |i 
states, and still others ( Cum'bria and Strath Clyde) in the ' 
mountainous region to the north of Wales, so distin- 
guished for its picturesque beauty. Others of the Britons \ 
crossed the Channel, and settled in Armor'ica, called 
afterward Bre-tagne, or Brit'tany. Still others probably 
remained interspersed among their conquerors in the 
condition of serfs. 

7. These conquering Saxons and Angles, intermingled 
with whom were a people from Denmark, called Jutes, 
were at first pagan barbarians. The names of the days of 
the week still commemorate the deities which they adored. 
Thus Sunday and Monday (Sunnandaeg and Monandaeg) 
were the days sacred to the sun and moon; Tuesday, to 
Tuisco; Wednesday (Wodensdaeg), to Woden, or Odin, 
the god of war; Thursday, to Thor, the Thunderer, cor- 
responding to Jupiter, among the Eomans; Friday {Frcy- 
adaeg), to Freya, the northern Venus; and Saturday, to 
Seator, a marine deity. They believed in the immortality 
of the soul, and indulged in the hope of a heaven, the 
chief delight of which was to intoxicate themselves with 

.Ml 

ale drunk from the skulls of their enemies slain in battle. \ 

6. W T hat became of the W r elsh ? What and where was Damnonia t By whom 
was it founded? What other Welsh states were there? What and where was 
Brittanv ? _ . , 

7. What was the character of the Saxons, Angles, and Jutes ? \\ hat do the 
names of the days of the week commemorate ? What belief did those people 
entertain ? 



A. ». 597.] BRITAIN UNDER THE SAXONS. 25 

8. They possessed the most terrific courage and energy. 
No perils, however great, and no difficulties, however 
apparently insurmountable, were able to check their 
activity in any enterprise which they had undertaken. 
They trusted themselves in their rude and frail barks, 
without a compass, to the mercy of the winds and waves 
of the stormy ocean, fearless of shipwreck, eager to 
purchase booty at the peril of their lives. In the words 
of an old writer, "the storm is their protection when they 
are pursued by the enemy, and a cover for their operations 
when they meditate an attack. Before they quit their 
own shores, they devote to the altars of their gods the 
tenth part of the principal captives; and when they are 
on the point of returning, the lots are cast with an 
affectation of equity, and the impious vow is fulfilled." 

9. Such was the character of the barbarous Saxons on 
their first invasion of Britain, but in the course of years it 
became greatly modified and softened. Christianity was 
first preached in the kingdom of Kent (a. d. 597), by St. 
Augustine, a Boman monk commissioned for the purpose 
by Pope Gregory the Great, who, it is said, was induced 
to do this by seeing some Anglian youths of remarkable 
beauty exposed for sale in the market-place of Borne. 
Struck with their fair complexion and blooming coun- 
tenances, he inquired who they were; and being informed 
they were Angles, he remarked they might have been called 
Angels ii they had been Christians; and sometime after- 
ward he resolved to undertake the conversion of a people 
wlios^ name and personal appearance were so interesting. 

10. St. Augustine was very kindly received by Ethel- 
bert, King of Kent, who was already favorably disposed 
toward Christianity, having married a Christian princess; 



8. What else is said of the character of the Saxons? 

9. How was this character softened? When and by whom was Christianity 
first preached ? What circumstance led to this ? 

1 0. Give an account of St. Augustine's mission and its results. What kingdoms 
embraced Christianity ? 



26 BRITAIN UNDER THE SAXONS. [A. X>. 827. 

and the king becoming converted and being baptized (a. d. 
597), great numbers followed bis example. St. Augustine 
was made Archbishop of Canterbury; and soon afterward 
succeeded in introducing Christianity in Essex also, where 
a church dedicated to St. Paul was erected on the site of a 
temple of Diana, and one to St. Peter on a small island 
in the Thames. The latter is now Westminster Abbey. 
The other kingdoms, one after the other, also embraced 
the same faith. 

11. The history of the various Saxon kingdoms which 
constituted the Heptarchy presents but little more than 
a continued scene of perfidy, treason, and murder. At 
last Egbert, King of Wessex, a descendant of Cerdic, the 
founder of that kingdom, triumphed over all his competi- 
tors, and obtained the control of the entire country (a. d. 
827), to which was given the name of England (Engla- 
land, i. e., Land of the Angles). 

12. Two distinguished scholars flourished during the 
period of the Heptarchy; — Bede and Alcuin (al'kwin). 
The former, styled the "Venerable Bede," was educated in 
a monastery on the banks of the Tyne River, and is said 
to have been versed in all the learning that had survived 
the destruction of the Roman Empire. His chief literary 
work was the "Ecclesiastical History of the Angles." He 
died in the year 733. Alcuin was a native of York; and 
he acquired so extensive a reputation for learning, that 
students flocked to him from different parts of Europe. 
He was afterward invited to the court of Charlemagne 
(shar'le-mahn), where he spent the greater part of his life. 
His writings, which were in Latin, consisted chiefly of 
poems, scientific and theological essays, and letters to the 
distinguished personages of the age. 

11. What is said of the history of these kingdoms ? Which finally obtained 
the predominance ? What is the origin of the name England? 

\'l. What distinguished scholars flourished during this period 1 What is said 
of Bede ? Of Alcuin ? 



A. I>. 680.] BRITAIN UNDER THE SAXONS. . 27 

13. The first Anglo- Sax on writer of note who composed 
in his own language, was Csedmon (ked'mon), whose works 
were poems on the Bible histories, and on other religious 
subjects. Many portions are still extant, and indicate con- 
siderable poetic genius and imagination. Csedmon died 
about 680. The first British historian was Gildas, born 
at Dumbarton about the beginning of the sixth century. 
He wrote during the time of the Saxon invasions, and in 
his "History of the Britons" fiercely inveighs against the 
barbarous invaders of his country. This work is written 
in Latin. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1 . Give an account of Caesar's two invasions of Britain 14 

2. Of the Britons at that time, their customs and religion 14-15 

3. Of the previous inhabitants of Britain 9-11 

4. State all you can of Druidism and the Druids 15-17 

5. Of the invasion of Britain during the reign of Claudius 16 

6. Give the history of Queen Boadicea 16-17 

7. Who was Julius Agricola, and what did he accomplish ? 17 

8. Give the early history of the Caledonians 7, 17, 18 

9. State the circumstances in the career of Carausius 13 

10. Give all the facts stated in relation to Constantine the Great 18-19 

11. Give the early history of the Scots and Picts 17-20, 22 

12. How was the Roman power in Britain brought to a close ? 19-20 

13. Give the entire history of Britain as connected with that of the 

Romans 14, 16-20 

14. Describe the progress of civilization among the Britons 20-21 

15. Give the early history of Britain as connected with that of the Saxons. 18-20,22 

16. What states were known as the Saxon Heptarchy ? 23 

17. Give the early history of the Welsh 7-8, 23-24 

18. What can you state of the early history of Ireland ? 8 

19. What account can you give of the Angles ? 23-26 

20. Of the Jutes? 26 

21. Who was St. Augustine, and what did he accomplish ? % 25-26 

22. State what you can of Ethelbert, king of Kent , 24-26 

23. OfBede....26. 24. Alcuin . . . . 26. 25. Cyedmon . . . . 27. 26. Gildas.... 27 



PAET II. 

ENGLAND IN THE MIDDLE 

AGES. 



section i. 
The Anglo-Saxcw akd Danish Kjkgs. 

Extending from the Foundation of the English Monarchy under Egbert 
{A. B. 827) to the reign of William the Conqueror (A. D. 1066). 

1. Egbert and his immediate successors styled them- 
selves "Kings of Wessex;" since it was that kingdom 
which absorbed into itself all the smaller states in the 
south, and finally succeeded in making tributary to itself 
the larger kingdoms of Mercia, East Anglia, and North- 
umhria. These kingdoms continued for some time to be 
ruled by their own monarchy and governed by their own 
laws. The sway of Egbert, however, extended over the 
whole of Eoman Britain except Cumbria and Strathclyde ; 
for he had waged repeated wars with the Welsh, both in 
North and West Wales, and defeated them in so many 
great battles, that nearly all submitted to his power. 

_— m 

Map Questions.— (Progressive "Map, No. 3.) What was the situation and bound- 
aries of Wessex? Of Essex? Of Mercia? Of East Anglia ? Of Northumbria 1 
Of Strathclyde ? Of Wales ? Of West Wales ? Where was Kent ? Where was 
the country of the Picts? Of the Scots ? What was the situation of Canterbury ? 
Winchester? York? Worcester? Bath? Exeter? St. Albans? Shrewsbury? 
Lincoln? Berwick? Glastonburv? Athelingay? Edinburgh? Where is the 
Thames R. ? Severn R. ? Trent R. ? Humber R. ? Tees R. ? Tvne R. ? 
Tweed R. ? Forth R. ? Clyde R. ? Solway Frith ? Anglesey Island ? Isle of 
Man? Isle of Wight? 

1 . What did Egbert and his successors style themselves ? Why ? now far did 
Egbert's sway extend? 



Progressive Map N?3. 



n 



O 2 



P 




CO 



— ! V 

Britain 

IN TH E TIME OF 

Egbert. 



o 
o 



Q 



v*> 



00 



T (i 



# B 



4 







k 






Y 



o 



IRIS H 

Anglesey I. 

S E A ol 






M 




\TeesM. 






Y 



^ 




^ 



Shrewsbury / v. 






EAST 
ANGLI A 

iOUTHFOLKi 



ftJwlingay • 
ft'xeter* 



GUistonliuy 



y * \Lond0rf) 



J Canterbury « 
^ KENT 



i Winchester 






E JV G C 



Xof Wight 



T^^ 




52 



1 



836.] THE ANGLO-SAXON" AND DANISH KINGS. 29 

2. But a dreadful peril now confronted his newly- 
founded kingdom. This was an invasion by a fierce and 
barbarous people called, in the English chronicles, the 
Danes. They were Northmen, inhabitants of Norway, 
Sweden, and Denmark, who in the previous century (787 
A. d.) had commenced their ravages, landing on the coast, 
plundering and killing the inhabitants, laying waste their 
lands, and burning their habitations. Eifgland was more 
particularly exposed to the attacks of the Danes, and 
Scotland to those of the Norwegians. 

3. At first, these piratical marauders only landed for 
booty, and when this was obtained, retired to their ships; 
but, during the last few years of Egbert's reign, they came 
as conquerors, and showed a fierce determination to settle 
in the lands from which they had driven the inhabitants. 
Thus the Anglo-Saxons were now threatened with the 
same calamities which their ancestors had inflicted on the 
wretched Britons; for the Danes of this century were 
similar in race and character to the Saxons three or four 
centuries earlier. 

4. They plundered, massacred, and devastated, with the 
same merciless ferocity, the terrified inhabitants fleeing 
from them, as from the vengeance of Heaven. Their 
blood-red flag bore the figure of a black raven; and 
when, as the banner waved in the breeze, the bird 
seemed to flutter its wings, they hailed it as the sure 
harbinger of victory. Their swords and battle-axes were 
ponderous and formidable weapons. Egbert was at first 
vanquished by these fierce invaders, but subsequently 
gained a great victory over them, although they had 
formed an alliance with the revolted Welsh in Cornwall 
(835). The next year he died, and the government was 
bestowed upon his son Eth'el-wolf (836). 

2. What peril confronted the new kingdom ? Who were the Danes ? 

3. What was the object of their invasions ? 

4. What is said of their mode of attack ? Their banner and weapons ? What 
did Egbert accomplish ? When did he die ? Who was his successor ? 



30 THE ANGLO-SAXON AND DANISH KINGS. [858. 

5. Ethelwolf possessed but little of the energy and 
talent of his father, being more disposed to religious 
exercises than to the active duties of a king. He began 
his reign by delivering to his eldest son the provinces of. 
Kent, Essex, and Sussex. The Danes made constant 
incursions during the whole of this reign, keeping the 
people everywhere in constant alarm; and though they 
were sometimes* repulsed, they always succeeded, in, rav- 
aging the country and carrying off the spoil. Having 
effected a settlement on the Isle of Thanet, they advanced 
against London and Canterbury, both of which places they 
burnt. Ethel wolf, roused by the danger, marched against 
them, and defeated them in a bloody battlef They, how- 
ever, still maintained their settlement, but removed from 
Thanet to the Isle of Shep'pey, nearer London. 

6. Notwithstanding these troubles, Ethelwolf went on a 
pilgrimage to Eome, taking with him his youngest son, 
Alfred, then six years old (855). He spent a year there, 
occupied in exercises of devotion, and distinguished him- 
self by his acts of liberality to the church. On his return 
he visited Charles the Bald, of France, and married 
Judith, his daughter. During his absence, his eldest son 
had died; and Etb/el-bald, his second son, conspired with 
many of the nobles to exclude him from the throne. 
Ethelwolf, however, to avoid the calamities of a civil war, 
yielded to his son the western half of the kingdom. He 
died soon after, in 858. 

7. Ethelbald and Ethelbert. On the death of his 
father, Ethelbald retained the western part of the king- 
dom, but the eastern portion was left to his brother Ethel- 
bert. The latter, in 860, by the death of Ethelbald, became 
ruler over the whole; but his reign lasted only six years. 

5. What was Ethelwolf's character? How did he begin his reiyn ? What is 
paid of the Danes ? 

6. Describe Ethelwolf's pilgrimage. What occurred during his absence ? Ili3 
death'/ 

7. Describe the reigns of Ethelbald and Ethelbert. When did Ethelred ascend 
the throne? What is said of the Danes? Of Edmund ? Death of Ethelred ? Dy 
whom was he succeeded ? 



871.] THE ANGLO-SAXON" AND DANISH KINGS. 31 

Ethelred, his brother, succeeded him (866). The 
continued and harassing incursions of the Danes occu- 
pied these three reigns. These invaders penetrated into the 
kingdom of Nortliumbria, seized the city of York, and then 
passed into Mercia, where they took up their quarters for 
the winter (870). Expelled thence by Ethelred, they 
invaded East Anglia, and seizing Edmund, its king, 
barbarously put him to death, for refusing to renounce 
his faith. On this account, Edmund was afterward 
canonized as a saint and martyr. Ethelred died of a 
wound received in a battle with the Danes, and was 
succeeded byj|is brother Alfred (871). 

8. Alfred^is only twenty-two years of age when he 
ascended the throne, but he had already given indications 
of the virtues and talents which afterward so greatly dis- 
tinguished him. In several actions with the Danes, he had 
shown a martial skill and courage far beyond his years ; and 
he had diligently cultivated his mind by the study of 
authors not only in the Anglo-Saxon, but in the Latin 
language. Indeed, he took so much pleasure in literary 
pursuits, that he undertook the government of the king- 
dom with regret rather than with eagerness ; but the will 
of his father and the general voice of his countrymen for- 
bade that he should decline it. 

9. The Danes poured into the kingdom in ever-increasing 
numbers, and committed the most dreadful ravages. Mercia 
was desolated with fire and sword ; and its last king, fleeing 
in dismay, took refuge in a Koman cloister. Alfred was con- 
stantly in arms against the enemy, in one year fighting 
with them, it is said, as many as eight battles. Pushed to 
the utmost extremity, they were glad to come to terms, and 
promised to settle quietly in such parts of the country as 
might be assigned them. But no treaties could bind them ; 
and new swarms arriving, and their ravages being again 

8. What is said of Alfred ? Why did he accept the kins-dom ? 

9. Of the further incursions of the Danes ? Of the condition of Alfred ? 



32 THE A^GLO-SAXO^q" A^D DANISH KINGS. [878. 

commenced, the wretched Saxons yielded to despair, some 
fleeing to Wales, and others quitting the island altogether. 
The king could therefore collect no forces to oppose the 
invaders (878). 

10. In this dreadful extremity, Alfred displayed the true 
greatness of his character. Although compelled to give up 
all that pertains to a king, and to take refuge in a peasant's 
rude hut, he was far from resigning himself to indolent 
despair. Collecting some of his retainers, he took up a 
position in a marsh in Somersetshire,* secure on occount 
of the unknown and almost inaccessible roads by which it 
was approached, and thence made frequent sallies upon the 
Danes. One of his earls, in another part of the country, 
was so successful, that he put the enemy to rout with great 
slaughter, and captured their famous red flag with the 
black raven, in which they so much trusted. 

11. These successes again inspired the English with con- 
fidence, and they rallied around their noble king; but he 
would not risk an engagement with the Danes without 
having certain information of their numbers and condition. 
To obtain this knowledge, he, in the disguise of a glee-man, 
or harper, entered the Danish camp, and passed unsuspected 
through every part of it, being introduced to the Danish 
prince Guth'rum, whom he greatly entertained with his 
songs and merry jokes. Soon after this, he made a vigor- 
ous attack upon the enemy, and so signally routed them 
that G-uthrum was glad to accept any terms of peace. 

12. Alfred not only gave them their lives, but formed a 
plan for converting them into useful subjects. East Anglia 
and ISTorthumbria being laid waste by the ravages of their 
countrymen, he proposed to Guthrum and his followers to 

* At a place called by Alfred Athelingay, or the Isle of Nobles ; now Athelney. 



10. What course did he pursue ? What defeat did the Danes suffer ? 

1 1. How did Alfred discover the enemy's condition ? What was t he result? 

12. What terms did Alfred grant to the conquered Danes? What region was 

called Danelagh ? 



901.] THE ANGLO-SAXON AND DANISH KINGS. 33 

form permanent settlements there, thinking that in this 
way he should erect a rampart against other incursions. 
The proposal was accepted, and Guthrum, with several of 
his officers, was admitted to baptism, — Alfred having in- 
sisted that they should declare themselves Christians, as a 
pledge of their submission (878). He. afterward ceded the 
eastern part of Mercia to them, and these districts con- 
tinued to form a Danish state (called Danelagh) for many 
years afterward, its chief boundary being the old Roman 
road called Watling-street, which ran from London across 
England to the Irish Channel. 

13. A period of tranquillity ensued, which Alfred im- 
proved by rebuilding the ruined cities, particularly London ; 
restoring order to the government, and putting the king- 
dom in a position of defence against future assaults. For 
this purpose he established a regular militia in every part 
of the country, so that it might be ready at any time to 
repel an invasion without leaving other parts defenceless. 
He also constructed a fleet, and stationed vessels at proper 
points of the coast, so as to be able to meet the piratical 
Danes and Norwegians on their own element. In this way 
he preserved his kingdom in a state of peace and quietude 
for several years. 

4 II. At length, however, the Danes, under a famous leader, 
mamed Hastings, came with a powerful fleet from France, 
and landed on the coast of Kent (893). A long war en- 
sued, in which Alfred displayed his characteristic skill 
and vigor. The pirates were at last entirely subdued, and 
compelled to quit the country, or were dispersed among 
their countrymen in Northumbria and East Anglia. The 
king survived this victory but a few years, dying after a 
glorious reign of nearly thirty years (901), in which his 
achievements, and the virtues and talents which he dis- 



13. What measures did Alfred adopt afterward ? 

14. What is said of the invasion under Hastings ? When did Alfred's death 
occur ? 



34 THE AXGLO-3AX0X AXD DANISH KIXGS. [901. 

played in every circumstance of his life, justly won for him 
the title of "Alfred the Great/' 

15. It was not only by his military achievements and 
statesmanship that Alfred was a benefactor to his people. 
He endeavored to rescue them from the gross ignorance 
and barbarism in which he found them at his accession. 
He translated many interesting and useful works from 
Latin into Anglo-Saxon, established schools for the instruc- 
tion of the people, founded, or at least repaired, the Univer- 
sity of Oxford, and invited into the kingdom scholars from 
various parts of Europe. He introduced and encouraged 
manufactures, offered rewards for useful inventions, and 
actively promoted navigation and commerce. His great 
reputation as a monarch has, however, caused him to 
be considered the founder of many institutions which had 
existed among the Anglo-Saxons before his time, and 
which he only restored or enforced. His peculiar merit, 
indeed, was not so much that of a lawgiver, as of a wise 
and energetic administrator of government, and an earnest 
patron of whatever promised to promote the good of his 
people. I 

16. Edward the Eider. Alfred was succeeded by his 
second son Edward,* who inherited the energy and military 
talents of his father, but without his genius for science and 
literature. His claim to the throne was disputed by his 
nephew Ethelwold, who, in order to gain the object of his 
ambition, formed an alliance with the Danes in Xorthum- 
bria and East Anglia, whom he stirred up to revolt. 
Edward, however, soon subdued the rebellion, and in one 
of the battles Ethelwold was slain. The remainder of this 
reign is occupied with contests carried on with the Danish 

* Edmund, his eldest son. died during his father's life ; his third son. Ethelward. inherited 
his passion for letters. »nd lived a retired life. Edward was called the " Elder'' because he was 
the first English king of that name. 



1 5. In what way did Alfred promote the good of his people ? In what did his 
merit consist 1 

16. Who succeeded him? What rebellion occurred? How was it ended? 
What is said of the remainder of this reign ? 



941.] THE A^GLO-SAXOJT AND DANISH KINGS. 35 

settlers and their countrymen, who invaded England from 
Normandy and Brittany. 

17. Edward was generally victorious in his various 
engagements with the enemy, and finally reduced them to 
submission. He thus acquired the dominion of North um- 
bria and East Anglia, and subsequently also of Mercia. 
The Welsh in Strathclyde also became tributary to him ; 
and even the Scots, who had some years previously subdued 
the Picts, were obliged to yield him submission. In these 
military achieA'ements and conquests lie w r as greatly assisted 
by his heroic sister Ethelne'da, widow of the Earl of Mer- 
cia. Edward was thus the first king of the West-Saxons 
whose sway extended over all Britain, he being now the 
only English king, and the other kings and princes in the 
island being his vassals. His death soon followed these 
great accessions of power (925). 

18. Athelstan, son of Edward the Elder, w r as the 
successor of that king. Like his father and grandfather, 
he possessed great energy of character, and was not only 
an able general, but a wise and liberal-minded monarch. 
He subdued a revolt in Northumbria, and in a great battle 
defeated the Welsh, Scots, and Danes, who had entered 
into a league to destroy his power (937). This victory 
gave tranquillity to the country during the remainder of 
his reign, which lasted till 941. In order to encourage 
commerce and navigation, Athelstan enacted the singular 
law that any merchant who had made three long sea voy- 
ages on his own account should be admitted to the rank of 
thane, or gentleman. ^ 

19. Edmund, the brother of Athelstan, was only eight- 
een years old when he was made king ; but he showed 
considerable vigor and talent in his expeditions against the 



17. What conquests did Edward make ? By whom was he aided? How is he 
distinguished ? When did he die ? 

18." Who was his successor ? How characterized ? What did Athelstan accom- 
plish ? What singular law did he enact ? 

19. What is said of Edmund? How and when did his raign end? 



36 THE ANGLO-SAXON AND DANISH KINGS. [95». 

revolted Northumbrians and North Welsh. His reign was 
brought to a close in a very singular manner. Noticing, 
on the occasion of a festival, the presence of Leolf, a noto- 
rious robber, whom he had previously banished, he ordered 
him to leave the hall; and enraged at his refusal to obey, 
he leaped on him and seized him by the hair. The ruffian 
thereupon drew his dagger, and inflicted upon Edmund a 
wound of which he immediately expired (946). / 
• 20. Edred, the brother of Edmund, succeeded him on 
the throne. The Danes in Northumbria again rebelled, 
and were again subdued; and the king, in order to pre- 
vent future revolts, appointed over this district an English 
governor, and placed garrisons in the principal tow r ns. 
Edred was greatly influenced, in both religious and tem- 
poral affairs, by the famous Dunstan (commonly called 
St. Dunstan), abbot of Glastonbury, whom he raised to 
the highest offices, and who possessed among the people a 
very great reputation for sanctity and learning. Edred's 
death happened in 955, when he was succeeded by his 
nephew Eclwy, eldest son of Edmund. 

21. Edwy. The reign of this king was short and 
troubled. He opposed Dunstan in the measures by which 
he wished to reform the vices of the secular clergy (those 
who were not monks)j and incurred the displeasure of the 
Church by marrying his cousin Elgiva (el'je-vah), of whom 
he was so fond that he left the banquet given in honor of 
his coronation, to enjoy her society and that Of her mother. 
This was deemed an insult by Dunstan and his associates, 
and they compelled his return to the banquet-hall. Edwy, 
in resentment for this act, brought a charge of embezzle- 
ment against Dunstan, and obliged him to flee the king- 
dom. He was, however, recalled by the revolted Mercians, 
who had declared in favor of the king's brother Edgar; and 



20. Who succeeded Edmund? What rehellion occurred? What followed? 
By whom was Edred influenced? His death and his successor? 

21 . What account is given of Edwy and Elgiva ? Who succeeded Edwy ? 



975.] THE ANGLO-SAXON AND DANISH KINGS. 37 



it is said that Elgiva, having been compelled to leave her 
husband, was hastening- again to him, when she was seized 
by the Mercians and most cruelly put to death. Edwy died 
a short time afterward, and was succeeded by Edgar (959). 

22. Edgar, who was only sixteen years old when he 
commenced to reign, showed very great deference to Dunstan, 
favored all his measures to reform the Church, and in a 
short time promoted him to be Archbishop of Canterbury. 
His reign was entirely peaceful, being undisturbed by 
either foreign or domestic enemies. Edgar, however, kept 
up a constant preparation for hostilities, and every year 
sailed around the island with an immense fleet, so as to 
intimidate the Welsh, Scots, and Danes. His coronation 
took place at Bath, thirteen years after his accession ; and 
afterward proceeding to Chester, he caused his barge to 
be rowed down the Dee by eight tributary kings. 

23. Although a most efficient monarch, Edgar's charac- 
ter in private life is said, by some of the early historians, 
to have been exceedingly licentious ; but there is no doubt 
that the accounts given of his cruelty and criminal excesses 
are the exaggerations or inventions of his enemies. Such is 
probably the story told of his marriage with Elfrida, after 
assassinating her husband; and of his breaking into a 
convent, and carrying off a nun by violence. Edgar 
favored the monastic party in opposition to^ that of the 
secular clergy; and therefore he has been unduly praised 
or too severely censured, according to the sympathies of 
different historians. He almost extirpated the wolves 
which infested some parts of the kingdom, by requiring the 
Welsh princes to pay, iustead of money, an annual tribute, 
of three hundred heads of these animals. The reputation 
of this king attracted many foreigners to his court, and 
he was on excellent terms with contemporary princes, par- 

22. What is said of Edgar? His means of overawing the Welsh, &c. ? His 
coronation ? 

23. What is said of the accounts given of Edgar? How did he extirpate the 
wolves ? His reputation ? His death and successor ? 



38 THE ANGLO-SAXO^" AND DANISH KINGS. [991. 

ticularly with Otho of Germany, who had married his aunt 
Edith. He was succeeded by his son Edward (975). 

24. Edward the Martyr was but fifteen years of 
age when the council of the nation called him to the 
throne. He was opposed by his step-mother Elfrida, who 
desired that her own son Ethelred, seven years old, should 
be elected in his stead ; but the influence of Dunstan pre- 
vailed against her. The contests between the two parties 
in the Church were continued during this reign, and seve- 
ral synods were called to settle the differences; but the 
monastic party under Dunstan had the advantage. Ed- 
ward was assassinated, it is said, through the instigation of 
Elfrida, in 978, and hence has received the title of " Mar- 
tyr." Ethelred, his half-brother, succeeded him. 

25. Ethelred II. was a mere boy, only ten years old, 
when he became king. Dunstan crowned him with reluc- 
tance, and foretold that his reign would be a most unhappy 
one, knowing probably that the kingdom had come to 
him through the wickedness of his mother. During the 
rest of this prelate's life, his influence and counsels in some 
degree protected England from the serious disasters wdiich 
threatened it; for the Danes had again commenced their 
invasions.* In 991, a short time after Dunstan's death, 
an immense force of Norwegians, under several leaders, one 
of whom, Olaf or Anlaf, was afterward a very famous king 
of Norway, arrived in England, and committed so many 
ravages that the king, in despair of driving them away, 
consented to pay them a large sum of money (£10,000) on 
condition that they would depart. 

* Dunstan's death occurred in 9S8, at the age of 63. He first came into notice in the reign of 
Athelstan: and hence whs a distinguished personage during seven reigns. lie was a very 
extraordinary man, being versed in music, painting, and other arts; an adroit politician and 
statesman: and as a churchman and prelate held in the highest, repute for his talents and piety. 
His determined efforts to benefit his party and establish his policy in the Church have made his 
character and conduct the subject of very severe invective with writers opposed to him. He 
was afterward canonized, und hence is known in history under the appellation of St. Dunstau. 

24. How old was Edward Ihc Martyr when he commenced to reiiaj ? By whom 
was he opposed? What contests were there? With what result*? Why was 
Edward called "Martyr?" His successor ? 

25 . What is said of Ethelred ? Of Dunstan ? Of the Norwegians ? How were 

they induced to depart ? 



1002.] THE ANGLO-SAXON AND DANISH KINGS. 39 

26. This expedient proved ineffectual, for the invasions 
were constantly renewed with the hope not only of plunder 
but of payment. Olaf, now king of Norway, and Sweyn 
(swane), king of Denmark, joined their forces, and made 
repeated invasions, spreading havoc and ruin wherever they 
appeared (994). Ethelred, never manifesting either vigor or 
prudence, bought them off at first with the sum of £16,000, 
afterward with £24,000, in order to pay which he was 
compelled to levy upon the people a tax, called Danegeld, 
or Dane-money. Olaf retired, and afterward embracing 
Christianity, made no renewal of these incursions. 

27. Sweyn and his countrymen, however, persevered in 
their hostility, hoping finally to effect the conquest of the 
whole country; and Ethelred was incapable of making any 
effectual opposition against the ravages committed by these 
savage and daring intruders. Thinking to strengthen his 
influence, he entered into an alliance with Richard II., 
Duke of Normandy, and married his daughter Emma 
(1001) ; but the Danes still continued their hostilities, and 
could only be checked by a compliance with their demands 
for money. 

28. A very cruel and unwise scheme of the king's still 
farther added to his misfortunes and those of his kingdom. 
On the departure of Sweyn, Ethelred gave secret orders 
that all the Danes (probably all the foreign Danes, or 
those whom Sweyn had left) should be massacred, on 
the festival of St. Brice (November 13th, 1002). This was 
done with every circumstance of ferocity, neither sex nor 
age being spared; and Sweyn's own sister, with her 
husband and children, were among the victims. 

29. The next year, the Danish king appeared off the 
western coast, and took a deep revenge for the murder of 
his countrymen; and a constant and most destructive Avar 

26. What, other invasions occurred ? What measures were taken by Ethelred ? 

27. What other hostilities occurred on the part of the Danes? Whom did 
Ei lie! red marry? 

28. Describe the massacre of St. Brice. Its date ? 

29. How were the Danes aven^-d ? What was done by Ethelred ? 



40 THE AXGLO-SAXON AXD DANISH KIXGS. [1016. 

was waged for several years, the English all the time 
making fruitless efforts to defend themselves and their 
country, but receiving no effectual aid from their imbecile 
king, whose only expedient was to bribe the Danes for a 
brief and precarious peace. At length, Sweyn being vir- 
tually king of England, having received the submission 
of most of the English nobles, Ethelred fled into Nor- 
mandy (1013). 

30. A ray of hope, however, soon dawned again upon 
the English, for their monarch had been absent scarcely 
six weeks when the conqueror died, leaving the English 
throne to his son Ca-mite', who had accompanied him in 
his expeditions. Ethelred was invited back by his former 
subjects, and returned in 1014, with his brave and stal- 
wart son Edmund, afterward called Ironside, who fought 
against the Danes; and Canute was for a time obliged to 
flee. 

31. But the next year he returned with a large force: 
and, notwithstanding the efforts made by Edmund, who 
was unsupported by his father, soon overcame all opposi- 
tion, and compelled the greater part of the nation to 
submit to his authority. Ethelred and Edmund were 
shut up in London, and thither Canute* was directing 
his course when the king died, thus being saved from 
an inglorious capture and imprisonment (1016). Eew 
kings have manifested so much weakness and incapacity, 
or have been so little adapted to the circumstances in 
which they were placed, as Ethelred. Always doing what 
he should not have done, and leaving* undone what it was 
most necessary to do, he well deserved the appellation, 
bestowed by Dunstan upon him, of "Ethelred the Un- 
ready;" that is, without rede, or counsel. * 

32. Edmund Ironside. On the death of Ethelred, 

30. What led to Ethelred's return ? What was done by Edmund Ironside ? 

31. What was accomplished by Canute? What is said of Ethelred's character? 

32. What occurred on the death of Ethelred? What compromise was effected! 
The death of Edmund ? 



1016.] THE ANGLO-SAXON AND DANISH KINGS. 41 

his son Edmund was proclaimed king by the citizens of 
London and some of the nobles who still remained faith- 
ful to the cause of the English sovereign. The others 
took an oath of allegiance to Canute. ^A. war ensued, in 
which several fierce battles were fought; and the English 
under Edmund, who was a skilful and valiant soldier, 
gained some decided victories. At last, however, it was 
thought best to make a compromise, and Canute agreed to 
receive JSTorthumbria, Mercia, and East Anglia for his por- 
tion of the kingdom, and to resign to Edmund the remain- 
der, comprising the southern part of the country, with the 
city of London. About one month afterward, Edmund 
was murdered, through the contrivance of Edric, Duke of 
Mercia (1016). 

Danish Kings. 



S3. Canute, on the death of Edmund, was crowned 
king of all England. Reserving to himself the adminis- 
tration of Wessex, he appointed Thurkill earl of East 
Anglia, Eric, earl of JSTorthumbria, and Edric, of Mercia, 
in reward for their services in obtaining for him the English 
throne. The two sons of Edmund, then quite young, he 
sent to Olaf, Ifing of Sweden, with the request that they 
should be put to c^ath. But Olaf refusing compliance, 
sent them into Hungary, where they were protected and 
educated. Edward, the younger, was afterward married 
to the daughter of the-emperor Henry II. 

31. In order to reward his Danish followers, Canute was 
at first compelled to*load the people with heavy taxes; but 
after he was settled on the throne, he adopted such meas- 
ures as would reconcile the» English to his government. 
He sent away as many of his countrymen as he could 
spare, made no distinction between Dane and English in 



33. Who then hecame king? What appointments were made? What was 
done with the sons of EdmundW 
3-1. What were the measure* of Canute ? 



42 THE ANGLO-SAXON AND DANISH KINGS. [1027. 

administering justice, restored the Saxon customs in a 
general assembly of the states, and took care to protect 
the lives and property of all his subjects. 

35. The two sons of Ethelred, then living with their uncle 
Eichard, Duke of Normandy, gave Canute considerable 
anxiety, as being heirs to the English throne. He accord- 
ingly paid his addresses to their mother, Emma, who 
consented to be his wife, and thus, a second time, became 
queen of England. Having, in this way, disposed of all 
opposition, he reigned with mildness as well as wisdom; 
and to atone for the wickedness of his former acts, built 
churches, founded monasteries, and even went on a pil- 
grimage to Koine (102^). 

36. A story is told by some of the early historians which 
illustrates his good sense as well as his piety. Walking 
on the sea-shore, on one occasion, with his courtiers, he 
became very much disgusted with their flatteries; and to 
rebuke their folly, commanded that his chair should be set 
at the edge of the water, while the tide was rapidly advan- 
cing, so that he might compel the rude waves to retire 
from his dominions. But, of course, the billows heeded 
not his kingly commands, but soon dashed violently 
against his person; whereupon he called upon his servile 
flatterers to remark how feeble was the sway of the 
mightiest earthly king in comparison with the "King of 
kings," who alone deserves the adoration of mankind. 

37. This humility of Canute was the more praiseworthy, 
as he was one of the most powerful mpnarchs of his time, 
being sovereign of Denmark and Norway as well as of 
England. In the latter part of his reign, he led an expe- 
dition against Malcolm, King of Scotland, who had 
refused to acknowledge himself a vassal for Cumberland, 
to the English crown; and soon reduced him to submis- 

3 5. Why did he marry Emma ? Uovv did he reign ? 

36. What story is told of him ? 

37. Why was This spirit especially praiseworthy ? What expedition did he 
undertake? His death? llis son* ? his tuccesuot 'i 



1040.] THE ANGLO-SAXON" AND DANISH KINGS. 43 



sion (1031). He died a few years afterward (1035), leav- 
ing three sons, Har'dicanute, by his wife Emma, and 
Sweyn and Harold, by his former marriage. Hardica- 
nute was in possession of Denmark; Sweyn was crowned 
King of Norway; and Harold sncceeded to the English 
throne. ^ 

38. Harold obtained the throne after considerable 
opposition. Queen Emma desired that her son Hardi- 
canute should be made king, and in this was supported 
by the West Saxons, led by their great earl Godwin, who 
exerted a powerful influence at this time, and for some 
years afterward. Civil war was threatened; but it was 
averted by a compromise, Harold being accepted as the 
sovereign of. all the English territories north of the 
Thames, and Hardicanute of those south of it; and as the 
latter was in Denmark, the government of his portion 
was left to Queen Emma and Earl Godwin. Hardicanute, 
however, neglected to assume the administration, and the 
people, tired of waiting for him, finally chose Harold to 
be king of all England (1037). 

89. Godwin was afterward gained over by Harold to his 
interest; for when Alfred and Edward, the two sons of 
Emma by King Ethelred, arrived in England from Nor- 
mandy on a visit to their mother, Godwin, with the conni- 
vance of the king, laid a plan for their destruction; and 
one of them (Alfred) being seized by the king's servants, 
was put to death. Emma, with her other son, then fled the 
kingdom. This is the only act by which we are enabled to 
form a judgment of the character of Harold. His agility 
in running and walking gained for him the appellation of 
Harefoot. He died after a very brief reign, little regretted 
by his subjects, and thus left the succession open to his 
brother Hardicanute (1040). 

38. What opposition was made to Harold? Who supported Hardicanute? 
What compromise was made ? Why was it not carried out? 

39. How were Ethelred's sons treated ? What was Harold styled ? Why ? His 
death ? His successor ? 



44 THE ANGLO-SAXON AND DANISH KINGS. [1042. 

40. XXar&icanute was preparing to make a descent 
upon England, to recover from Harold, by force of arms, 
his share of the kingdom, when he heard of the king's 
death. He immediately sailed to London, where he was 
received in triumph, and acknowledged king. Enraged at 
Harold for the murder of his brother, he caused his remains 
to be exhumed, and thrown into a fen ; but Godwin, who 
was accused of being an accomplice in the murder, was 
released, after taking the oath of compurgation.* He also 
conciliated the king by the present of a large ship splen- 
didly equipped, and manned by fourscore men, magnifi- 
cently armed. 

41. Hardicanute soon became very unpopular by his 
reckless and oppressive measures. Among the latter was 
the renewal of the imposition of Danegeld, to pay the 
expenses of the fleet which brought Mm from Denmark. 
The people of Worcester having risen against the tax- 
gathers, he caused the city to be pillaged by the soldiers, 
and burnt to the ground. His reign, however, was very 
short; his death occurring two years after his accession, 
at the nuptial banquet of one of the Danish lords (1042). 
He derived his name Hardicanute from his robust constitu- 
tion, which, however, he prematurely impaired by his habits 
of intemperance. > ' 

Saxon Kings kestored. 

42. Edward the Confessor. The opportunity offered 
to the English, by the death of Hardicanute, to throw off 
the Danish yoke, was eagerly seized by them; and Edward, 
brother of Edmund Ironside, was at once elected king. Earl 
Godwin, who had vigorously supported his claims to the 
throne, became his chief adviser; and Edith, the earl's 

* See § 55, page 50. 



40. What was done by Hardicanute ? How was he conciliated by Godwin ? 

41. How did he become unpopular? How were the peoule of Worcester 
treated ? His death ? Why called Hardicanute ? 

4'i. Who became king? Who was his chief adviser ? His queen ? His treat- 
ment of Emma '. 






1051.] THE ANGLO-SAXON AND DANISH KINGS. 45 

daughter, was married to the king (1045). One of the 
first acts of Edward was to strip his mother Emma of the 
immense treasures which she had amassed ; her neglect of 
himself and of his brother Alfred during their adverse for- 
tune, having extinguished in his mind all filial affection or 
respect toward her. She was afterward kept in confinement 
at Winchester. 

43. Edward having been educated in Normandy, at the 
court of his grandfather, had acquired a very great fond- 
ness for Norman society and manners; and he soon dis- 
gusted his English subjects by the large number of his 
Norman followers, whom he had invited over, and ap- 
pointed to offices of dignity and importance, even the see- 
of Canterbury being given to a Norman. He had also con- 
tracted a very intimate friendship with his cousin William, 
the present duke of Normandy. Thus the language, cus- 
toms, and laws of that country soon became quite fashion- 
able in England. 

44. These proceedings were particularly offensive to Earl 
Godwin, whose influence and authority had been second 
only to the king; the government of a large part of Eng- 
land having been committed to him and his sonsSweyn and 
Harold. Siward, the great Danish earl of Northumbria, 
and Leofric, earl of Mercia, were the most powerful of the 
English nobles, next to Godwin. A quarrel with the Nor- 
mans soon occurred (1051). Eustace, count of Boulogne 
(boo-lone'), was on his return from a visit to the king, and at 
Dover had committed an act of violence against one of the 
inhabitants. The latter at once rose against the foreigners, 
and drove them from the place, some of them being killed. 
The count having complained to the king, the latter ordered 
Godwin to inflict severe punishment upon the people of 
Dover ; but he, throwing all the blame upon the Normans, 

43. How did Edward become unpopular? His connection with William of 
Normandy ? The result ? 

44. What if said of Godwin ? What other nobles were influential ? How did 
a quarrel with the Normans occur ? What was the result ? 



/ 



46 THE AUGLO-SAXON" A^"D DANISH KINGS. [1051. 

refused to obey the royal mandate, and summoned bis 
forces to resist it. 

45. Deserted, however, by the other nobles, he, with his 
sons, was compelled to nee ; and all his estates were confis- 
cated (1051). But the next year he succeeded in collecting 
a large fleet; and sailing to London, was received with so 
much enthusiasm by the people, that Edward was obliged 
to yield, and Godwin and his sons (except Sweyn, who had 
been outlawed) were restored to their honors and pos- 
sessions. The death of Godwin occurring soon after, Har- 
old succeeded to his dignity and influence; and by his 
modesty and affability acquired, in a short time, the good- 
will of the king, very greatly increasing, in the same way, 
the number of his friends and partisans. 

46. Edward having no children, sent to Hungary for 
Edward, called "the Outlaw," son of Edmund Ironside, in 
order to make him his successor; but this prince died a 
short time after his arrival in England, leaving a young 
son, named Edgar. William of Normandy had visited his 
cousin Edward, and had been induced to aspire to the 
English throne, claiming that Edward had promised to 
bequeath it to him. But the people of England were too 
much attached to their great and good earl Harold, volun- 
tarily to permit a foreigner to rule over them ; and all 
looked upon him as their future sovereign. 

47. William, therefore, feared Harold very much, as a rival; 
and once, when the latter was on a visit to his court, he was 
compelled by the Norman duke to take an oath that he 
would sustain his claim to the throne ; and, to make the pledge 
more solemn, William secretly placed under the altar, on 
which Harold swore, the sacred relics of some of the most 
revered martyrs, which, after the oath had been taken, were 



45. What was done by Godwin ? Who sncceeded him ? 

46. Whom did Edward propose first as his heir? Whom nest ? Who was the 
people's choice ? 

4 7 . What oath did William extort from Harold ? How ? 



10GG.] THE AtfGLO-SAXOtf AJTD DANISH KIKGS. 47 

shown him. But on his return, he regarded not the oath, 
it having been extorted from him by violence. 

48. Harold was successful in an important expedition 
against the Welsh ; and was also despatched to reduce the 
Northumbrians to submission, who had revolted against the 
government of his brother Tostig. Finding, however, that 
Tostig had ruled with injustice and oppression, he aban- 
doned his cause, and yielded to the people the ruler whom 
they had elected in his place. Tostig, therefore, greatly 
enraged against his brother, departed the kingdom, and 
took refuge in Flanders. A short time after this Edward 
died (January 5th, 1066), having, it is said, recommended 
the council to choose Harold as his successor. He was 
buried in Westminster Abbey,* which had been consecrated 
only a few days previously. 

49. This reign was prosperous and peaceful, not from 
any ability displayed by the monarch, but on account of 
the circumstances in which he was placed. The Danes 
had ceased their incursions ; and the troubles with the 
Welsh were soon extinguished by the energy and talent of 
Godwin and his son Harold. The virtues of Edward were 
rather those of the cloister than the court. He was pious 
and beneficent, and earnestly endeavored to administer 
justice with impartiality, for which purpose he caused a 
very useful body of laws to be compiled. He was the first 
to touch for the scrofula (called the King's Evil) ; and for 
seven centuries those afflicted with that disease were, at 
times, presented to the English monarchs to be cured in 
this way. About a century after his death, Edward was 
canonized by the Pope, with the surname of " the Confes- 
sor." He was the last of the royal Saxon line ; but not 

* This church had been erected by Edward, and dedicated to St. Peter, in accordance with 
the injunction of Pope Leo IX., as the condition for releasing iidward from the duty of making 
a pilgrimage to Rome. 



48. What expeditions were conducted by Harold ? What was his course tow- 
ard his brother Tostig ? Edward's death ? Where was he bnried ? 

49. Why was his reign peaceful ? What is said of Edward's character? The 
" King's Evil V When was Edward canonized ? 



48 THE AST6L0-SAX0N AND DANISH KINGS. [1066. 

the last of the Saxon kings, since the Saxon noble Harold 
succeeded him. 

50. Harold II. Edgar Atheling, son of Edward the 
Outlaw, was the only surviving male of the royal line; hut 
he was considered by the council too young to occupy the 
throne; and consequently Harold, son of Earl Godwin, 
was elected king, and crowned in Westminster, on the very 
day of king Edward's burial. William of Xormandy was 
very indignant Avhen he received the news of this election, 
and sent an embassy to England to remind Harold of his 
oath, and to demand that he should at once resign the 
crown in his favor. This being refused, he immediately 
prepared to make good his claim by force of arms. Harold 
had also to contend against his brother Tostig, who sought, 
with the aid of Harold Hardrada, king of Norway, to regain 
his power, and with a large army invaded the north of 
England. Harold met the allied forces at Stamford Bridge, 
and defeated them with great loss, both Tostig and the 
Norwegian monarch being slain (September 25th, 1066). 

51. Scarcely had he time to rejoice over this great vic- 
tory, when he received the intelligence that William had 
landed with a large and splendidly equipped army on the 
southern shore. With his accustomed energy and prompt- 
itude, he hastened by rapid marches to oppose this formid- 
able invader ; but on a near approach to the enemy, found 
his forces much reduced by desertion, many being disaffected 
on account of an unsatisfactory distribution of the Norwe- 
gian spoils, and others discouraged by superstitious fore- 
bodings of defeat, on account of the solemn oath which 
Harold had violated, and for which he had been excom- 
municated by the pope. 

52. On this account Harold's brother, Gurth, endeavored 
to dissuade him from engaging with the enemy, urging the 

50. Why was Harold made kine ? What did William of Normandy do ? What 
other enemy had Harold ? What victory did he train ? 

5 1 . What other conflict awaited him ? How were his forces weakened ? 

52. Gurth's advice ? What is said of the "Battle of Hastings?" Its date? 



Progressive Map N? 4 



Ft 



Britain * 

AT TH E DEATH OF 

Edward the Confess or 




IRISH 

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WALES 

CtirdL 






EAST 
ANG LI A 

SUF FOLt 



152 



ElSS EX 
Watdiani* e~-r 

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1066.] THE ANGLO-SAXON" AND DANISH KINGS. 49 

policy of wearing out William's forces by delay ; but Har- 
old was too eager for battle, and too confident of victory to 
listen to this advice. The spotfon which this important 
conflict occurred was called Senlac (now Battle), nine miles 
from Hastings, — the place at which William had landed. 
Harold posted his men advantageously to receive the on- 
set of the Normans, who advanced singing the " song of 
Koland:" and for nine hours the battle raged with the 
utmost fury, both leaders displaying the greatest skill and 
valor. At last the brave Harold fell,* pierced in the eye 
with an arrow; and the English fled, leaving the Normans 
in possession of the field (October 14th, 1066). 

53. Harold's two brothers were also among the slain, 
and with them likewise perished nearly all the nobility 
of the south of England. Harold's body was found with 
great difficulty, and was at first buried on the sea-shore ; 
but subsequently, it was disinterred, and by permission of 
the conqueror, deposited in the church which Harold had 
founded at Waltham, before he ascended the throne. This 
event, commonly called the Battle of Hastings, termin- 
ated the rule of the Anglo-Saxons in England, and gave 
the kingdom to the Normans. 

State of Society among the Anglo-Saxons. 

54. The great council of the nation, called the Witana- 
gcmot (meeting of the witans, or wise men), by whom, as it 
will have been already observed, the kings were elected, 
was composed of representatives of the nobles and clergy 
and the great officers of the kingdom, such as the earls, 
aldermen, and thanes. The eeorls, churls, or common peo- 
ple, had no voice therein ; neither were there deputies from 
the shires, or counties, or from the cities. Its assent was 

* Upon the spot where Harold fell. William afterward founded Battle Abbey, a rich and splen- 
did edifice for many years. Its venerable ruins still remain. 



53. Who were among the slain ? Harold's remains ? Result of the battle ? 

54. What was the Witanagemot? Of whom composed ? 

3 



50 THE ANGLO-SAXON AND DANISH KINGS. 

necessary for all laws, and the clergy took an influential part 
in its proceedings. 

55. Justice was administered principally in the shire-mote, 
or county court, from which there was the right of appeal 
to the king. The finding of a yerdict was assigned to 
twelve of the principal thanes (lowest order of nobles), 
who thus bore some resemblance to a modern jury. The 
accused cleared himself by his own oath, or those of others, 
called compurgators, who swore to his innocence. Without 
these, he was subjected to the ordeal (great judgment) ; 
that is, he was compelled to thrust his arm into boiling 
water, hold a piece of red-hot iron in his hand, or walk 
over burning ploughshares; and if at the end of three days 
no signs of injury appeared upon him, his innocence was 
deemed to be established. 

56. The dwellings of the Anglo-Saxons were constructed 
of wood, having, instead of a chimney, an aperture in the 
roof. The windows were of lattice-work, but sometimes were 
covered with a linen blind : in the houses of the rich they 
were often glazed. The floors were covered with rushes, 
and the walls sometimes hung with rich tapestry, embroi- 
dered with gold or colored thread, the women of this period 
being skilled in needlework. The furniture was very rude 
and simple ; stools, benches, and settees being used in place 
of chairs ; and these were made of wood, often curiously 
carved. Many of the vessels employed in eating and drink- 
ing were of silver and gold beautifully wrought. Drinking 
horns supplied the place of glass vessels. 

57. The Anglo-Saxons were hospitable, and fond of 
feasting and merriment; and at their banquets, the harp 
was passed around, that each, in turn, might contribute 
by his skill to the entertainment. Their amusements were 
active and exciting. Among the higher classes, hunt- 

5 5. How web justice administered ? What were compurgators f The Ordeal f 

56. What is said of the dwellings of the Saxons/ Their furniture! The 
drinking vessels? 

57. Character of the Anglo-Saxons ? Their amusements ? The ladies ? 



THE ANGLO-SAXON AND DANISH KINGS. 51 

!|ing and hawking were favorite sports; while the churl 
| delighted in bear-baiting, the feats of jugglers and tum- 
;! biers, and the songs of the gleeman, or minstrel. Back- 
i gammon,* chess, and dice were also resorted to for more 
! quiet pastime. The ladies were much occupied in spin- 
! ning ; hence the name spinster came to be applied to a 
I young unmarried woman. 

58. The foreign commerce of England during this period 
was considerable, London being the great emporium of 
the nation. Wool was the chief article of export, and was 
received back from the continent in fabrics of various kinds. 
Mints were established in some of the cities and towns, 
and many of the Anglo-Saxon coins still preserved exhibit 
remarkable skill. 

59. There were no means of diffusing knowledge. The 
monasteries were almost the only schools; and in these a 
very few persons received instruction in Greek, Latin, 
theology, and astronomy; also in some of the fine, arts, the 
monks being often skilled in painting, music, and sculp- 
ture. They also spent much of their time in copying and 
illuminating books on vellum or parchment, which being 
executed with so much labor, were very costly, a consider- 
able fortune being requisite to obtain a few volumes. 

60. Little was done after Alfred's reign to encourage 
learning and science, the irruptions of the Danes prevent- 
ing any progressive efforts to cultivate the arts of peace. 
Almost the only characters conspicuous for their erudi- 
tion, during the period from Alfred's death to the close 
of the Anglo-Saxon sway, were Odo, Archbishop of 
Canterbury, and St. Dunstan, his successor; and the 
learning of these is only remarkable, as a faint glim- 
mering amid the prevailing darkness. 

* Backgammon — Little Buttle, was a game invented by the Welsh. 



j 58. Commerce ? Chief export? Coinage? 

j 59. What place of learning existed? Branches of instruction ? Fine arts ? II- 

I luminated books ? 

| 60. What prevented the promotion of learning? Distinguished scholars ? The 

, degree of their attainments ? 



i 



52 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION". 

Date of 
Accession. Kings. Duration of Reign. I 

827. Egbert 9 years. 

836. Ethelwolf 22 " 

858. Ethelbald and Ethelbert 2 " 

860. Ethelbert 6 " 

866. Ethelred I 5 " 

871. Alfred the Great 30 " 

901. Edward the Elder 24 " 

925. Athelstan 16 " 

941. Edmund 5 " 

946. Edred 9 " 

955. Edwy 4 " 

959. Edgar 16 " 

975. Edward the Martyr 3 " 

978. Ethelred II. (the Unready) 38 " 

1016. Edmund Ironside 7 months 

" Canute 19 years. 

1035. Harold Harefoot. 4} " 

1040. Hardicanute 2 " 

1042, Edward the Confessor 23| " 

1066. Harold II 9 months, 



GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE SAXON KINGS. 

Egbert. 

I 
Ethelwolf. 



I i I 

Ethelbald, Ethelbert. Ethelred. Alfred. 



Edward the Elder. 





1 




1 

Athelstan. 


i 

i 

Edmund. 

1 


1 
Edred. 


1 
Edwy. 




1 
Edgar. 

1 


1 
Edward the 


Martyr. 


i 
1 
Ethelret 

1 



Edmund Ironside. Edward the Confessor 






THE ANGLO-SAXON AND DANISH KINGS. 53 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. Give the early history of Egbert, king of Wessex 26-28 

2. What further account can you give of him ? 2S--29 

3. Give the early history of Mercia, East Anglia, and Northumbria 23-26-28 

4. Of the first invasions of England by the Danes ? 29 

5. Who was Ethelwolf, and what was his character ? 29-30 

6. Give an account of the troubles he had with the Danes 30 

7. What other events of his life can you mention ? 30 

8. How many and what sons of Ethelwolf became kings ? 52 

9. State all you can in relation to Ethelbald 30 

10. State all you can in relation to Ethelbert 30 

11. What division of England was made in Ethelwolf 8 reign ? 30 

12. How did it originate, continue, and end ? 30 

13. Give an account of the reign of Ethelred 31 

14. Under what circumstances did Alfred become king ? 31 

15. What early troubles did Alfred have with the Danes ? 31-32 

16. Give the account in connection with Gnthrum 32-33 

17. What various peace measures did Alfred adopt ? 33 

18. Give an account of his contest with Hastings 33 

19. Why was he entitled to be called "Alfred the Great ?" 33-34 

20. State fully what he did to benefit his people 34 

21. Now give a full account of his contest with the Danes ... 31-32-33 

22. Name the important events of the reign of Alfred the Great 31—34 

23. Who was Edward the Elder,, and what was his character ? 34-35 

24. What troubles did he have with his nephew, Ethelwold ? 34 

25. Give an account of his contests with the Danes 34-35 

26. What dominion did Edward hold at his death ? 35 

27. Give the steps by which his successes were secured 35 

28. Name the important events in the reign of Edward the Elder 34-35 

29. What sons of Edward the Elder became kings ? 52 

30. Give an account of Athelstan and the events of his reign 35 

31 . Of Edmund and the events of his reign 35-36 

32. Of Edred and the events of his rei^n 36 

33. Of Edwy and the events of his reign 36-37 

34. Who was Edgar, and what was his character ? 32-37 

35. Give an account of the events of his reign 37-38 

36. State what you can of Edward the Martyr and his reign 38 

37. Who was Ethelred II., and how did he obtain the throne ? , . 38 

38. State all you can of Dunstan 36-37-38, Note, p. 38 

39. Give an account of Ethelred 1 s contests with the Danes 38-39^0 

40. Of Edmund Ironside's contests with the Danes 40-41 

41. State further what you can in relation to Edmund Ironside 40-41 

42. Give an account of Olaf of Norway 38-39-41 

43. Of Sweyn, king of Denmark ... 40 

44. Of Canute, Sweyn's son ; 40-41-42-43 

45. State the events in detail which made Canute king of England 40 41 

46. Who was Harold, and what were the events of his reign ? , 43 

47 State what you can of Hardicanute and the events of his reign 43-44 

48. Give an account of Queen Emma, 42-43-45 

49. Of Edward the Confessor and the events of his reign 44-48 

50. Of Harold II. and the events of his reign , , , 43-49 



54: THE KORMAN FAMILY. [A.». 1066. 



section ii. 

The Normal Family. 

Extending from the Accession of William the Conqueror (1066) to the 
death of Stephen (1154). 

1066 1* "William I. (surnamed the Conqueror). After 
to the disastrous battle of Hastings, the English found 
they could make no successful opposition to the vic- 
tor; and therefore as soon as he approached London, all the 
chief nobility, with Edgar Atheling himself, who on the first 
intelligence of Harold's death had been proclaimed king, 
came into his camp and offered him submission. On the 
Christmas following, he was crowned in Westminster 
Abbey, in the presence of the English and Norman nobles, 
both of whom with acclamations accepted him as their 
sovereign. Indeed, the shouts were so vociferous that the 
Normans outside, thinking their leader was suffering 
violence, assaulted the populace and set fire to the city, 
occasioning a tumult which the newly-crowned king found 
it difficult to subdue. 

2. Having thus secured the fruits of his great victory, 
he commenced the government of his new subjects with 
justice and lenity, treating even Edgar, the heir of the 
royal Saxon line, with kindness, as being the nephew of 
his friend and benefactor, Edward the Confessor. He was, 



Map Questions.— (Progressive Map, No. 4.) What were the boundaries of 
England at the period referred to? What were its chief divisions ? Where was 
Wessex ? Mercia ? East Anglia ? Northnmbria '? Where was Cornwall ? Dev- 
onshire ? Somersetshire ? Berkshire ? Sussex '? Essex '? Dorsetshire ? Nor- 
folk? Suffolk? North Wales? South Wales? What were the boundaries of 
Scotland ? Where were the settlements of the Northmen ? What is the situation 
of Dover? Hastings? Senlac ? Waltham? Winchester? Exeter? Bristol? 
Gloucester? Norwich? Oxford? Warwick? Durham? Cardiff? Where was 
Stamford Bridge ? 

1. What was the conduct of the English after the battle of Hastings ? When 
and where was William crowned ? What tumult occurred ? 

2. What was the conduct of William at first? How did he reward his follow- 
ers ? What precautious did he take ? 



A. ». 1067.] 



THE ^OKMAN FAMILY. 



55 



however, careful to reward his followers with the confis- 
cated estates of the Saxon nobles, and omitted no precau- 
tion necessary to confirm his authority, and protect his gov- 
ernment against revolt. He disarmed the city of London 
and such other places as appeared most formidable, built 
citadels to overawe the inhabitants, and kept himself con- 
stantly in readiness to repel any hostile attack. 




3. The people, notwithstanding all this, eagerly watched 
for a favorable opportunity to recover their lost liberties; 
and during the absence of William, the year after his coro- 
nation, he being in Normandy, secret conspiracies were eu- 



3. What occurred during William's absence ? What league was formed ? 



56 THE XORMAX FAMILY. [A. ». 1070. 

tered into against his govern men t, and hostilities broke 
out in many places (106 1). Many of those who had been 
deprived of their lands by the Conqueror banded together, 
and keeping themselves concealed in woods and marshes, 
made havoc of all the Normans that came within their 
reach. The Saxon nobles, including Edgar Atheling and 
the sons of Harold who had fled to Ireland, with Malcolm, 
king of Scotland, and Sweyn, king of Denmark, formed a 
league for the purpose of driving the Xormans out of 
England (1068). 

4. With his accustomed vigor and celerity, William, on 
hearing of these events, hastened from Kormandy, and at 
once took measures to quell this formidable insurrection. 
The sons of Harold were defeated on their landing upon 
the western coast; and York, the only fortress in the 
north, being captured by William, the conspirators fled, 
and having concluded a peace with Malcolm, the king 
found his conquest of England more fully confirmed than 
ever. Similar outbreaks occurring the next year in JNorfch- 
umbria, and being subdued, "William ruthlessly ordered 
the fertile country, extending sixtv miles north of the 
Humber, to be laid waste; and so thoroughly was the 
mandate obeyed, that at least 100,000 persons perished, 
and for several years afterward scarcely an inhabitant 
could be found in that part of the country. 

5. The Anglo-Saxons were now excluded from all offices 
both in the state and in the church; and William 
surrounded himself with Norman lords, whom he had 
enriched with the confiscated estates of those implicated 
in the late insurrections. The Archbishop of Canterbury 
was degraded from his dignity on frivolous charges, and 
Lanfranc, a Milanese monk, distinguished for his piety and 
learning, was promoted to the vacant see (1070). The Nor- 

4. How wa^ the rebellion subdued? What similar outbreaks occurred ? How 
were they prevented for the future ? 

5. How were the Ani:lo-Saxons treated* What is eaid of the Archbishop of 
Canterbury * The Norman nobles and the Saxons * 



A. ». 1081.] THE NORMAN FAMILY. 57 

man nobles built castles in every part of the kingdom to 
protect their newly-acquired estates; and the Saxon people 
were reduced to the condition of serfs. 

6. William was passionately fond of hunting, and passed 
the severest laws to protect the game, making the pun- 
ishment for killing a deer or a wild boar greater than for 
killing a human being. In order to make a new forest 
near his palace at Winchester, be laid waste a tract of 
country extending thirty miles, driving out the inhabit- 
ants, demolishing houses and even churches, but making 

no compensation for the injury (1081). He also obliged 
the people to extinguish their fires and candles at a certain 
hour, on the ringing of a bell, called the curfew (couvre 
feu — cover the fire). This requirement was to the English 
a badge of servitude, although in Normandy, the practice 
had long been observed as a precaution against fires. 

7. The latter part of William's life was made unhappy 
by domestic troubles. His eldest son Eobert made war 
upon him in Normandy ; and on one occasion, the king's 
face being concealed by his helmet, a combat occurred 
between Eobert and his father, in which the latter was 
unhorsed, and would have been slain, had not his voice 
disclosed in time to his rebellious son the dreadful crime 
which he was about to commit. Struck with horror at the 
event, Robert immediately submitted; but it was not until 
some time afterward that the king consented to pardon 
him. 

8. William's death was caused by a severe injury which 
he received during an invasion of France. Philip, king of 
that country, had offended him by some insulting words 
which he had used concerning him, and was suspected also 
of having instigated an attack which had been made on 
Normandy by some of the French barons. William in re- 



6. What is said of the Mme-laws ? The New Forest ? The Curfew ? 

T. What domestic troubles had William ? What is said of his son Robert ? 

8. What caused the king s death ? What is said of his remorse? 

3* 



58 THE ^ORMAX FAMILY. [A. ». 10ST. 

venge carried fire and sword into the French territories ; 
and having taken the city of Nantes, he laid it in ashes. 
As he rode through the town, his horse stepping on some 
burning embers, plunged so violently, that he threw his 
rider on the pommel of the saddle, and inflicted a mortal 
hurt. The Conqueror died a few weeks afterward near 
Kouen, filled with remorse, it is said, for the many wicked 
and cruel acts which he had committed (1087). 

9. William left Normandy and Maine to his eldest son, 
Robert ; directed that his third son, William, should receive 
the English crown; and bequeathed to his other son, Henry, 
5,000 pounds of silver. His second son, Richard, had 
been killed while hunting in the New Forest. At his 
death the Norman power had become firmly established 
in England, the former inhabitants being reduced to a 
condition of total subjection. In accordance with the Feudal 
System, most of the lands had been parcelled out among 
the followers of the Conqueror, they in like manner divid- 
ing them among their dependents, on the sole condition of 
performing the duties of vassalage.* The introduction of 
this system into England was one of the results of the 
Norman conquest. 

10. The year before William's death, a register was com- 
pleted of all the estates in the kingdom, showing the extent, 
nature, and divisions of all the landed property in the 
several counties, with the products of each, and the woods, 
mines, &c, contained therein. This important compilation 
was called '• Domesday Book." It is still extant, and in 
1783 was printed by the English government. From facts 
furnished by this record, it is computed that the number 
of families in England during this reign was about 300,000, 

* Every vassal was bound to do homage to his superior. Unarmed, and with bare bead, be 
knelt before him, and putting bis hands in those of bis icrd. promised to be " his mau'' thence- 
forward, and to serve him faithfully for the lauds which he held. 



9. William'? bequests to his sons ? How was his son Richard killed ? What was 
the condition of England at the death of William ? What was the Feudal System ? 

1 0. What was Domesday Book ': Population of England at that time * 



A. D. 1091.] THE KOKMAN" FAMILY. 59 

and that the population probably amounted to but little 
over a million. 

1087 11. William II. (surnamed Rufus, the Eed, from 
to the color of his hair). Before the intelligence of the 
liOO Conqueror's death had reached England, William 
arrived, and taking possession of some of the strongest 
fortresses, and of the royal treasure, was easily enabled to 
obtain the crown, which, to prevent resistance, the primate 
Lanfranc and the principal nobility promptly conferred upon 
him. The Norman barons, however, disliked him, and en- 
tered into conspiracy to dethrone him in favor of Eobert ; but 
he craftily won over his English subjects by fair promises, 
and through their aid entirely thwarted the plots of his 
enemies, who were obliged to flee into Normandy. 

12. Indignant at Eobert, as the instigator of this rebel- 
lion, he in revenge invaded Normandy; but an accommo- 
dation was soon entered into between the two brothers, 
who then united their forces against Prince Henry, and 
besieged him in a strong fortress which he had seized on 
the coast of Normandy. The prince was soon obliged to 
submit, and being deprived of his patrimon} 7 , wandered 
about for some time in great poverty and distress. Wil- 
liam, assisted by Eobert, then made war upon Malcolm, 
king of Scotlaud, and compelled him to accept terms of 
peace, the Scottish king consenting to do homage to Wil- 
liam, and to relinquish Cumberland, which thereafter 
became an English county (1091). 

13. About this time the first crusade was preached, and 
Eobert, wishing to join it, mortgaged to William the duchy 
of Normandy for five years, receiving therefor a large sum, 
which the English king obtained by means of forced levies 
upon his subjects, even compelling the convents to melt 
their plate in order to furnish their quota. Indeed, Wil- 

1 1 . How did William IT. obtain the crown ? Opposition made by the nobles ? 

12. What quarrels with his brothers ensued? War with Malcolm, king of 
Scotland? 

13. How did William obtain Normandy ? His love of money ? 



60 THE NOEMAK" FAMILY. [A. B. 1100. 

liam showed, in his desire to obtain money, no religious 
feeling or respect for the Church. After the death of Lan- 
franc he neglected to appoint a successor, so that he might 
keep for his own use the revenues of Canterbury, and failed, 
in like manner, to fill other vacant bishoprics. 

14. At last, falling sick, he, in a fit of remorse, sent to 
Normandy for An'selm, an abbot much celebrated for 
learning and piety, and persuaded him to accept the pri- 
macy; but when he recovered his health he prosecuted 
his schemes of rapine with as much violence as before. 
This brought on a contest between him and Anselm, the 
latter boldly defending the revenues of the Church against 
the king's injustice and rapacity. The struggle, however, 
ended in the retirement of Anselm to Eome, where he was 
received by the pope with every mark of respect. 

15. The taking of Jerusalem by the Crusaders prompted 
other princes to embark in the enterprise ; and William, duke 
of Guienne (ghe-e?i') and count of Poitiers (poi-terz 1 ), had 
agreed to mortgage all his dominions to the king of England 
in order to raise money for the purpose. The latter was about 
sailing with a fleet and army to pay the money and take pos- 
session of these rich provinces, when his reign was suddenly 
terminated. While hunting in the New Forest, he was shot 
with an arrow; according to the popular account, accident- 
ally, by his companion Walter Tyrrel ;* but as some suspect, 
by the unseen hand of an assassin. He was found dead in the 
forest by a poor charcoal burner, and carried by him to the 
cathedral at Winchester, where he was buried (1100). At 
his death he was 42 years of age, and had reigned 13. 

16. The character of William Rufus is chiefly remark- 
able for despotism, rapacity, and debauchery. His temper 

* A French gentleman, remarkable for his skill in archery. After the death of the kinjr, he 
fled to France; but solemnly asserted his innocence, even when he might have confessed his 
guilt with safety. He afterward went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. 

14. What led to the quarrel with Anselm ? Its termination ? 

1 5. Mortice of Guienne, &c. ? What account is given of William's death and 
burial? His age ? 

16. What is said of his character? What structures were erected? Popular 
feeling with regard to his death ? 



A. ». 1100.] THE NORMAL FAMILY. 61 

was extremely violent, and his manners haughty and fierce. 
He inherited some of the talents of his father, bnt was 
more perfidious and cruel. In person he was short and 
corpulent, with a remarkably florid complexion. He 
bnilt a new bridge across the Thames at London, sur- 
rounded the tower with a wall, and erected Westminster 
Hall, which still remains a noble specimen of the archi- 
tecture of the time. William was the third of his race 
that had perished in the New Forest, — a circumstance 
regarded by the people as the just vengeance of Heaven for 
the cruelty of the Conqueror in expelling the inhabitants 
from their homes in order that he might indulge his pas- 
sion for hunting. 

TlOO 17. Henry I. (surnamed Beauclerc {lo-clerk)—i\\Q 
to Scholar). Henry was in the forest, engaged in hunt- 
1135 j n g- 5 when he heard of his brother's death; and hast- 
ening to Winchester, he obtained possession of the royal 
treasures, and thus secured his succession to the throne, 
notwithstanding the just claims of his elder brother Eobert, 
then on his return from the Holy Land. He was crowned 
at Westminster the third day after William's death. One 
of his first acts was the publication of a charter of liber- 
ties, in which he granted to the Church and the barons 
certain privileges, and promised to the people to restore 
the laws of Edward the Confessor, conferring at the same 
time special immunities on the citizens of London. The 
forest laws were, however, retained in all their severity. 

18. Still further to gain the respect and good-will of the 
nation, he recalled Archbishop Anselm, and married 
Matilda, daughter of the king of Scotland, and niece of 
Edgar Atheling. This Saxon princess was particularly 
dear to the English, and her marriage with the king was 
the cause of great rejoicing to them. She was beautiful 



1 7. How did Henry obtain the throne ? His first acts ? 

18. Who was recalled? The king's marriage? What ie said of Matilda? 
What was done by Robert ? 



62 THE NORMAN" FAMILY. [A. ». 112S. 

and amiable, winning from the Saxon chroniclers the 
appellation of Maud the Good. Meanwhile, Eobert had I 
returned to Normandy, and having laid claim to the 
English throne, determined to make it good by force of 
arms, being encouraged in the enterprise by many of the 
Norman barons. He landed in England with his forces, 
and Henry advanced with an army to meet him; but, 
through the influence of Anselm, peace was made be- 
tween the brothers, Eobert, who was easy and good- 
natured, giving up all claim to England for a pension 
of 3000 marks (1101). 

19. Eobert's dissoluteness, indiscretion, and neglect soon 
afforded a pretext to Henry to invade Normandy, which, 
under the misrule of Eobert, had become a scene of 
violence and anarchy. He gained a great victory over 
Eobert, made a complete conquest of the duchy, and 
carried his unfortunate brother a prisoner to England 
(1106). Eobert remained a captive at Cardiff, in 
Wales, until his death, twenty-eight years afterward; 
having, it is said, in the early part of his confinement, 
been deprived of sight by his cruel brother, for an attempt 
to escape. Edgar Atheling, who had fought with Eobert, 
was also made a prisoner; but Henry soon restored him to 
liberty, and settled a pension on him. He lived to a good 
old age in England, totally neglected and forgotten. 

20. Eobert's son William (called Fitz-Eobert) was also 
spared, and afterward gave the king considerable trouble ; 
for the king of France, uniting with the counts of Anjou 
and Flanders in supj^ort of his cause, invaded Normandy, 
and took many towns and castles. In the wars which 
ensued, Henry was generally successful; but it was not 
until William Fitz-Eobert's death (1128) that he was 
released from anxiety on his account. Previous to this 



19. Further history of Robert? Of Ed<rar Athelinp:? 

20. What i* Raid of Robert's son! What domestic calamity happened to 
Henry ? Its elfect upon him and on the people ? 



A.D. 1135.] THE NORMAN FAMILY. 63 

lie suffered a terrible blow in the loss of his only son, 
William, who perished by shipwreck on his return from 
Normandy (1120). Henry fainted away when he received 
the sad news; and from that moment, it is said, he lost all 
cheerfulness, and was never seen to smile. The loss of 
Prince William was a source of joy to the English; for he 
was a cruel and dissolute young man, and had boasted 
that when he came to the throne he would yoke his Eng- 
lish subjects to the plough like oxen. 

21. The king being without male heirs, made the barons 
take an oath of fealty to his daughter Matilda, who had been 
married first to Henry V., emperor of Germany, but was now 
the wife of Geoffrey Plantagenet,* son of the earl of Anjou. 
Henry's death occurred, a few years -after, in Normandy, 
in the sixty-seventh year of his age and the thirty-fifth of 
his reign (1135). His character resembled that of his 
father, in the great qualities of body and mind which en- 
abled him to acquire the throne, and to administer the 
government with vigor and address. His person was manly, 
his countenance engaging, his eyes clear and penetrating. 
His unusual progress in literature had obtained for him 
the surname of Beauclerc, the Scholar. He was afterward 
styled the "Lion of Justice," from the severity with which 
he punished offenders against the laws. His private life 
was, however, very immoral; and he was so deceitful and 
treacherous, that even his favorites mistrusted him. 
1135 22. Stephen. Notwithstanding the oath which 

to the barons had taken in favor of Matilda, Stephen, a 
1154 grandson of William the Conqueror, and son of the 
count of Blois {blivah), found little difficulty in obtaining the 
throne. With the royal treasures he hired great numbers of 

* PlantngenH mentis, in French, brnom-plant ; and was given as a surname to this family, it 
is said, because one of their ancestors had done penance by scourging himself with twigs of 
that plant. Pronounced Plan-tuf'-e-net. 



21. To whom were the barons compelled to swear fealty? What is said of 
Henry's death? His character? Whv was he styled Beauclerc? What other 
appellation did he receive ? Why ? His private life ? 

22. Who obtained the throne ? What measures did Stephen take ? Result ? 



C4 THE XOEMAX FAMILY. [A.B.I 146. 

foreign soldiers, in order to secure himself in possession 
of the kingdom; and to satisfy the people, issued a liberal 
charter of privileges. To induce the nobles to submit 
to his usurped authority, he granted them permission to 
fortify their castles; and all England was, accordingly, 
filled with these fortresses, garrisoned by the vassals of 
their proprietors, or by licentious soldiers gathered from 
all parts of Europe, who made the country a scene of 
rapine and desolation. 

23. The king of Scotland, in defence of his niece's title, 
invaded the northern counties, and committed the most 
barbarous devastations. He was, however, defeated in the 
great battle of the Standard, so called from a high cru- 
cifix carried by the English as a military ensign (1138). 
The next year, Matilda, encouraged by some of the Eng- 
lish prelates, with whom Stephen had quarrelled, landed in 
England with a small retinue, and was soon joined by 
many of the barons. Civil war ensued, occasioning the 
most dreadful anarchy and disorder. Licensed robbers 
sallied forth day and night from the castles of the nobles, 
and committed every species of lawless violence upon the 
defenceless people. Villages and cities were burned, the 
lands remained untitled, and famine and pestilence swept 
away both the spoilers and their victims. 

24. At length, after several conflicts, Stephen was 
defeated near Lincoln, and made prisoner (1141). The 
claims of Matilda were solemnly recognized by the clergy; 
but her imperious behavior soon disgusted all parties, 
and she was finally compelled to flee into Normandy, after 
several years of war (1146). The king, who had previ- 
ously been released, was now restored. A few years after- 
ward his right was again assailed by Henry, son of 
Matilda, who had acquired Normandy and Maine from his 

23. What invasion occurred? Battle of the Standard? What caused civil 
war? Its effects ? 

24. What happened to Stephen? What was the conduct of Matilda? What 
followed? What is said of Henry ? What treaty was made ? 



A.». 1153.] THE NORMAN FAMILY. 65 

mother; from his father by inheritance, Anjou (ahn'joo) 
and Tou-raine'; and by his marriage with Eleanor, the 
divorced queen of France, Guienne, Poitou (picah-too'), 
and several other provinces. Encouraged by these great 
possessions, he invaded England, but after gaining some 
advantages over Stephen, he was induced to make a treaty, 
by which, upon the death of the king, he was to succeed to 
the throne (1153). This event occurred the following year. 

State of Soceity under the Norman Kings. 

25. The Norman Conquest wrought many great changes 
in the social as well as political condition of the people. 
Among these, the establishment of the Feudal System was 
the most considerable; which system continued to exist in 
England during about four centuries. Something like 
feudal tenures had existed among the Saxons ; but they 
were only of a special or exceptional character. William 
made them universal, and based upon them the whole 
framework of his political system. In accordance with 
this system, the title of all the land was possessed by the 
king, who assigned certain portions to the nobles or 
barons, by whom these were subdivided among the next 
lower class, partly consisting of the Saxon thanes, or 
franklins, as they were called by the Normans; and 
these again distributed them among their dependents. 
Thus, in each case, the title Avas made to depend upon 
the relation of the vassal to his superior. 

26. This peculiar relation was established for the pur- 
pose of obtaining and preserving military strength; and 
was admirably adapted to this end. Thus, when the king 
needed an army he summoned his barons, who in like 
manner called upon their vassals, and they at once made 
a similar demand upon their dependents; so that, with 

25. Change? wrought by the Norman conquest ? The Feudal System ? 

26. Objects of the Feudal System ? The barons? 



66 THE ^OKMAN FAMILY. 

wonderful promptitude, the whole force of the nation was 
brought into the field. The barons lived on their estates 
almost with the power of sovereign princes, each having 
his court and train of dependents, and protected by his 
strong castle against all attacks. 
y 27. These feudal castles soon became a striking feature 
of the Norman period, their whole appearance indicating 
that the only objects of their construction were strength 
and security. They were surrounded by walls often more 
than twelve feet high, within which was a lofty tower 
called the Keep, whose massive walls, pierced with small 
windows or loop-holes, defied the fiercest assault. Here 
the baron lived, and here was stored the property of 
the castle. Under it, was a gloomy dungeon in which 
those who had offended its haughty master were thrust, 
and often left to die of famine. The ruins of some of these 
castles still exist. 

28. The most numerous class in England were the 
Saxon churls, or, as called by the Normans, villains. 
These were farmers, and were obliged to place themselves 
under the protection of some noble, as otherwise they 
might be seized as robbers. They were bound to reside 
on the lands which they held from their lords, unless per- 
mitted to leave them. Next below these, were the serfs, who 
were in all respects bondmen, being attached to the soil, 
and subject to the will of- their masters. The number 
of these registered in Domesday Book amounts to 25,000. 

29. Closely connected with feudalism, was the peculiar 
institution entitled Chivalry, or Knighthood. The former 
constituted the basis of the political system, the latter was 
of a moral and social character. It was a singular com- 
bination of religion, military valor, and gallantry ; and for 
several centuries exercised a prevailing influence upon the 

27. The feudal castles ? How wore they constructed ? 

28. Different classes of society J Number of serfs according to Domesday 
Book ? 

29. Chivalry, or knighthood? Its origin ? How affected by the Crusades? 



THE NOKMAN" FAMILY. 67 

manners, customs, and opinions of all classes of the peo- 
ple. Although its origen can be faintly discerned in the 
institutions and practices of the German and Gothic na- 
tions, its full development was not reached till the eleventh 
or twelfth century, being rapidly matured by the Cru- 
sades, from which it received a strong religious character. 

30. Those destined for knighthood received, from their 
earliest years, a peculiar training. The first degree was 
that of page (called sometimes child or variety, after the 
age of fourteen, the page might be made an esquire, and 
was allowed to bear arms. He was then kept in constant 
service, waiting upon the master and mistress of the castle, 
and acquiring habits of perfect obedience and courtesy. 
Every care was taken to impress indelibly upon his mind 
a love of chivalry, — that is, a devotion to feats of arms in 
behalf of the weak and oppressed, or in vindication of 
religion, and the honor and virtue of the female sex. 

31. By means of this training, he was prepared to re- 
ceive his golden spurs, and to take the vows of a knight. 
The candidate for this honor was obliged, the night before 
receiving it, to hold his vigil; that is, he kept silent watch 
within some gloomy chapel over the arms which he was 
about to assume. The chief of these was the lance, be- 
sides which he had a two-handed sword, the " dagger of 
mercy," and sometimes a battle-axe or mace. He was 
clad from head to foot in armor, consisting of plates of 
metal riveted together, and worn over a dress of soft 
leather. His helmet bore a crest, ornamented by favors 
bestowed by the lady of his knightly devotion, and on 
his triangular shield was a coat of arms. 

32. The display of chivalry was not confined to the bat- 
tle-field, but found a frequent occasion in the tournament 
or joust — the highest species of amusement of this period. 

30. Training of those designed for knighthood? The page? The esquire? 
What sentiments were imparted? 

31. How was knighthood assumed ? The knight's equipment ? 

32. The tournameut? Mode of combat? Its usual result ? 



68 THE WORMAN FAMILY. 

It consisted of fierce personal contests, held in an enclosed 
space called the lists, around which, in galleries, sat the 
nobles and ladies to witness the sport the outside being 
thronged with eager spectators from the lower orders. At 
the sound of the trumpet, the combatants, covered with 
steel and known only by their emblazoned shields, dashed 
at full gallop from the opposite ends of the lists : and meet- 
ing in the centre with a terrific shock, one or the other was 
generally unhorsed, their lances often being shivered to 
pieces. The vanquished was thrown bruised and bleeding 
to the ground : and the victor was rewarded bv receiving 
his horse and armor, and sometimes by the privilege of 
naming some lady, who, with the title of Queen of Love, 
presided over the remainder of the tournament. In other 
cases, he received a scarf, ribbon, or other favor from the 
lady in whose honor the tournament was held. 

33. These combats were not only used for sport, but were 
resorted to in order to discover the guilty; it being the pre- 
vailing belief that Providence would interpose, in all such 
cases, for the protection of the innocent. In this convic- 
tion, those who were charged with crime were challenged 
by their accusers, and were compelled to abide the issue of 
a personal combat in the lists. This appeal of the Nor- 
mans to the justice of Heaven closely resembled the ordeal 
of the Saxons; and upon it was based the practice of the 
duel, in more modern times. 

34. The dress of the Normans was. in many respects, 
peculiar. A short cloak, often richly furred and ornamented 
with gold lace, worn over a loose doublet reaching half way 
down the leg, formed the most conspicuous portion of the 
gentleman's costume. The shoes had very lung pointed 
t 3 3 sometimes twisted in a very curious manner, and 
occasionally fastened by gold or silver chains to the knees. 



33. For what were the.se combats sometimes nsed? Win? What does this 
cnstom resemble ? 

34. Dress of the Normans ? Of the Norman ladies ? 



THE norhan FAMILY. 69 



Long hose, fastened to the doublet by strings, called points, 
and a velvet bonnet, completed the costume. The Norman 
ladies wore a loose wide-sleeved robe reaching to the 
ground, and covering a kirtle or under-gown of silk. ^ 

35. Other modes of costume were peculiar to various 
characters. Thus the minstrel was distinguished by his 
harp strung on his shoulder, a plate of silver on his arm, 
and a chain around his neck bearing the tuning-key; the 
fool, or jester, by his cap and bells, and his party-colored 
dress ; the palmer, or pilgrim, by his sandals, the scallop- 
shells bordering his hat, and his iron-shod staff. The Saxon 
serf was clothed in untanned hide, sandals of hog-skin, and 
leathern hose, and wore a collar of brass engrailed with his 
master's name. 

36. The Normans had two regular meals — dinner and 
supper; and at these, flesh meats constituted a much more 
prominent article of food than with the Saxons. Thus, the 
names of these meats, as veal, pork, mutton, deef, etc., are of 
Norman or French origin; while the names of the animals 
themselves, — calf, pig, sheep, ox, etc., which were tended by 
the Saxon farmers or serfs, are of Saxon origin. Wine was 
the favorite beverage of the higher classes, while the lower 
orders regaled themselves with ale. 

37. Learning at this period was almost exclusively con- 
fined to the cloister, the monks and priests being the only 
scholars. Every monastery had its writing-room, where 
the copying of books was constantly carried on. The most 
noted among the writers of this time were William of 
Malmsbury, Geoffrey of Monmouth, and Henry of Hunt- 
ingdon. These were the authors of several interesting 
chronicles, to some of which allusion has already been 
made. 

35. Costnme of the minstrel? How was the minstrel distinguished ? Jester? 
Palmer? Saxon serf? 

36. Meals of the Normans ? Their food? Names of the meats? Names of 
the animals ? Beverages used ? 

.-J 7. Learning? Monastery? Name the noted writers of this time. Of what 
were they the authors ? (See preceding pages.) 



VO THE STOEMAN" FAMILY. 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

Date of 
Accession. Kings. Duration of Reign. 

1066. William the Conqueror 21 years. 

1087. William Rufus 13 " 

1100. Henry I. (Beauclerc) 35 " 

1135. Stephen (of Blois) 19 " 



GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE NORMAN KINGS. 

William I. 



William II. Henry I. Adela. 

Robert. Richard. | 

Stephen. 
Matilda. 

William. (Married to Geoffrey Plantagenet.) 

i 
Henry II. (Plantagenet. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. Give an account of the battle of Hastings, with its consequences 48-49-54 

2. Detail the steps by which William I. became king 46-48-49-54 

3. Name the important events of his reign 54-59 

4. Detail the events by which William II. obtained the crown 58-59 

5. What account can you give of the Crusades ? 59-09 

6. Of William's contest with the Church and Anselm ? 59-60 

7. Of the New Forest and its victims ? 57-58-60-61 

8. Of Henry I.'s efforts to obtain and hold the crown ? 61-6'J 

9. Mention the other events of the reign of Henry 1 6-2-63 

10. Give an account of Stephen and his reign 63-64-65 

11. Give as full an account as you can of Matilda 63-64 

VI. Of the Feudal System 58 -Note, p. 58-65-66 

13. Of Chivalry, or Knighthood '.. 6fi-67-(>8 

14. Of the dress and meals of the Normans 68-69 

15 Of learning among the Normans, and the Norman authors 69 



Progressive Map N° 5 

Orkn ev O^ i Islands 




,-r 



H^ 



X 



. ' GuTLo&en 
^r*- Inverness 

+ :ff \ 

Glencoe Perth* 




Great 

BPxITAIN. 

(modern ) 



oi rov\h- 







^ ,3p • Otte^bourne, 
\Dumfries ^g^ewcasile, 

Durhcan- 

Carlisje\ f^\ 



HUSH SEA 

N 

5 Anglesey I. (livcrP°°^ 
jr-s+Cae77iarr, 

& P "T /TX. Jlirriunah / 




Leicester, 



" r »iefi\ 



[llorcesta 
\wksbury 



•JTttscb) 

Ejoehill .Xorthtirf* 
* J:\esha. 



ftdunbridge 






To 




Windsor (\ U iterburv* 







)■: 5 S* 




C^f Wi 



! A.B. 1154.] THE PLANTAGENETS. 71 



section iv. 

The Plantagenets. 

Extending from the Accession of Henry II. (1154), to that of Henry IV. 

of Lancaster (1399). 

1154 1. Henry II. (Plantagenet). Adding his exten- 
to sive possessions in France to the English dominions, 
11§9 Henry became, on the death of Stephen, one of the 
richest and most powerful monarch s in Europe. He com- 
menced his reign with vigor and resolution; and the foreign 
mercenaries who had so long infested the country were or- 
dered to leave it, under the penalty of death. He revoked 
the grants of land which had been unjustly made during 
the previous reign, reclaimed the castles belonging to the 
crown, and compelled the disorderly nobles to dismantle 
their fortresses, by which they had been enabled to inflict 
so many cruelties upon the people. 

2. Having thus restored order to the kingdom by re- 
ducing the inordinate power of the barons, he next deter- 
mined to bring the ecclesiastical power into subjection to 
that of the crown. As a fit instrument for carrying this 
into effect he chose Thomas a Becket, whom, on his acces- 
sion, he had appointed chancellor, and subsequently had 
treated with the highest regard and honor, intrusting to 
him the education of his eldest son. Becket was of Eng- 
lish descent, and had risen to eminence through his own 
talents and industry. The pomp of his retinue, the 
sumptuousness of his furniture and apparel, and the 
luxury of his table, are said to have been scarcely sur- 
passed by those of the king, who himself frequently con- 



1. What did Henry become, and how? Where was Guienne ? (See Map of 
France, page 55.) How did Henry II. commence his reign ? 

2. What was his next object ? What is said of Thomas a Becket ? 



12 THE PLANTAGEXETS. [A. D. 11G4.! 

descended to partake of the entertainments of his proud' 
minister. 

3. On the death of the archbishop of Canterbury, 1 
Henry naturally supposed that he should greatly facilitate j 
his design with respect to the Church by conferring the I 
primacy upon a man so wedded to his interests as Becket 
He accordingly issued orders to this effect, and the chan- I 
cellor was duly installed in that high dignity. The king, I 
however, soon found that he had been mistaken in his ; 
estimate of Becket's character; for the latter at once ; 
resigned the office of chancellor, abandoned all secular 
affairs, and devoting himself exclusively to his sacred i 
duties, in a short time became as famous for his austerity 
and piety, as he had previously been for gayety, luxury, i 
and splendor. He wore sackcloth next his skin, partook | 
only of bread and water; frequently scourged himself in I 
the severest manner; and it is said, daily on his knees 
washed the feet of thirteen beggars, to evince his humil- 
ity, and show peniteuce for his former pride and arro- 
gance. 

4. Determined to defend the privileges of his order, he- 
was soon brought into a conflict with the king; the latter 
insisting that clergymen charged with the commission of 
crimes should be tried in the civil courts, while the arch- 
bishop asserted that they were amenable only to the I 
ecclesiastical authority. The king therefore summoned 
an. assembly of the prelates, and submitted to them the 
question in dispute; but receiving only an evasive answer, 
he called a general council of the nobility and prelates at 
Clarendon, at which were proposed and adopted sixteen 
articles, called the " Constitutions of Clarendon," by which 
the clergy were made subservient to the royal authority 
(1164). 



3. Why was Becket made chancellor ? What course did he pursue ? 

4. What conflict ensued? What was done hy the king? What were the 
Constitutions of Clarendon? 



A. D. 11 TO.] THE PL ANT A GENETS. 73 

5. Becket for a time withheld his assent to these propo- 
sitions; but finding himself deserted by the other bishops, 
he at last solemnly promised to observe them. The 
Eoman pontiff, however, annulled them; and Becket 
repented of his compliance, and renewed his opposition 
to the king. Henry, highly exasperated, caused the 
inflexible prelate to be prosecuted and coudemned for 
contempt of the royal authority; and also demanded of 
him restitution of several large sums of money. Becket, 
finding resistance useless, secretly departed from England, 
and took refuge with the king of France, by whom, as well 
as by the Pope, he was encouraged and sustained, the lat- 
ter threatening Henry with excommunication. 

6. A settlement was, however, effected; and the king 
consented to the return of Becket, after six years of banish- 
ment, on terms quite favorable to the archbishop. The 
people and clergy received him with joyful acclamations, 
and the king hoped that all cause of trouble was at an end ; 
but the archbishop had brought letters of suspension and 
excommunication against three prelates for being concerned 
with the king in illegal acts during his absence, and pro- 
ceeded violently to enforce them. When the intelligence 
of this was brought to Henry, he burst into a paroxysm of 
rage, and exclaimed, "Is there no one of my subjects who 
will rid me of this insolent priest ?" Four knights, con- 
struing this as a command, immediately proceeded to the 
residence of the prelate, and, pursuing him into the cathe- 
dral, barbarously slew him before the altar (1170). 

7. Henry was in Normandy when this occurred, and 
when he heard of it, was thrown into the greatest conster- 
nation. He expressed the deepest sorrow for the words he 
had hastily uttered, and evinced the sincerity of his repent- 



5. What was the further course of Becket ? Of Henry ? What followed ? 

6. What settlement was effected ? How was the king exasperated ? The con- 
sequences ? 

7. Effect of the murder of Becket upon the king? Upon the king's cause? 
How was Henry absolved ? 



74 the pla:n t tage;n"ets. [a. b. 1172. 

ance by acts of the severest penance. Four years later 
he resolved to go as a pilgrim to the tomb of the mur- 
dered prelate, already canonized as a saint and martyr ; 
and for miles of the way walked barefoot over the flinty 
road, marking his steps with blood. Independently of its 
atrocity, nothing could have been more disastrous to the 
king's cause than the murder of Becket; for the Church 
party gained more by the death of their champion than all 
his best efforts could have won for them if he had lived, 
talented and determined as he was. Henry could obtain 
absolution from the Pope only by taking a solemn oath of 
innocence, and by promising to abolish all customs hostile 
to the liberties of the clergy, which had been introduced 
since his accession. 

8. One of the most important events of this reign was 
the conquest of Ireland, which Henry partly effected in 
1172. Ireland, anciently called Hibernia, was peopled by a 
race similar to the Britons ; but little is known of its history 
before the fourth century. Each province had its separate 
king, but was dependent upon the monarch who held his 
court at Tara. In the fifth century the people were con- 
verted to Christianity, chiefly through the efforts of the 
renowned St. Patrick.* Prom the sixth to the twelfth cen- 
tury, Ireland became famous for its progress in literature 
and art, and sent forth many learned men and missionaries 
from the monasteries which had been established. For 
three centuries it was much harassed by the Northmen or 
Danes ; but in 1014, the latter were utterly defeated in a 
great battle fought at Cloritarf, near Dublin. 

9. Some years before the death of Becket, Henry obtained 
permission from the Pope to subdue the island ; but it was 
not until 1172 that an opportunity offered for effecting this 

* This celebrated missionary whs born in the northwestern part of France, near Boulogne. 
He commenced his labors in 432, and after a life of indefatigable exertion, died at an advanced 
age in 472. 

8. What important event occurred during this reign? History of Ireland ? St. 
Patrick ? Battle of Clontarf * Situation of Clontarf ? 

9. What account is given of the conquest ? 



A.D.I 174.1 THE PLASTTAGEtfETS. 75 

object. One of the five subordinate kings having been 
expelled from his province, and having taken refuge in 
England, succeeded in enlisting a force from the Anglo- 
Norman nobles and adventurers commanded by Richard 
de Clare, surnamed Stsongbow, with which he regained 
his kingdom. The English under Strongbow then so 
rapidly prosecuted the conquest of the country, that the 
next year Henry went there, and having received the sub- 
mission of most of the native chiefs, committed the govern- 
ment of the conquered territory to a viceroy whom he 
appointed (1172). 

10. This successful undertaking of Henry was followed 
by great troubles, occasioned by family dissensions. Three 
of his five sons, Henry, Richard, and Geoffrey, demanded 
a share of his dominions, and being refused, went to France, 
and entered into an alliance with Louis, king of that country, 
against their father. In this rebellion they were encour- 
aged by their mother, Eleanor, who had become incensed 
against the king for his licentiousness, and particularly on 
account of his attachment to Rosamond Clifford, styled, in 
the ballads of the time, the "Fair Rosamond." William, 
king of Scotland, also entered into the league against 
Henry, and invaded the northern counties. It was in these 
distressful circumstances that the pilgrimage to Canterbury 
was made, when he received absolution from all connection 
with the murder of Becket. 

11. So immediate seemed the answer to Henry's prayers 
and repentance, that the next day he received intelligence 
that the Scottish king had been defeated in a great battle, 
and taken prisoner (1174). This event destroyed the con- 
federacy, and compelled its members to make submission 
to the English monarch. Peace was made with Louis, the 
rebellious princes returned to their obedience, and the 



10. What dimensions occurred in Henry's family ? Conduct of his sons? Of 
Eleanor ? Of William of Scotland ? Pilgrimage of Henry ? 

1 1 . Defeat of the Scots ? The result ? On what terms was peace made ? 



76 THE PL.OTAGE^ETS. [A. D. 1189. 

king of Scotland was released on condition that he would 
thereafter hold his throne as a vassal to the king of Eng- 
land; and, to enforce this, the cities of Berwick and Rox- 
burgh, together with the castle of Edinburgh, were placed 
in the possession of the English (1175). 

12. The latter part of Henry's reign was embittered by 
the renewed rebellion of his sons; but, in the midst 
of it, Henry, the eldest, was seized with a fatal illness, 
and died, feeling the deepest remorse for his unnatural 
conduct (1183). Geoffrey was killed in a tournament 
(1186) ; but Richard continued in his disobedience, and, 
encouraged by Philip of France, again took up arms 
against his father. Disheartened by these renewed misfor- 
tunes, Henry submitted to a very humiliating treaty of 
peace with the French king (1189) ; and when in the list 
of those who had been connected with Richard, and whom 
he had consented to pardon, he found the name of his 
youngest son, John— his especial favorite — the unhappy 
father yielded to despair, and heart-broken, sank a few days 
afterward into the grave (1189). 

13. He was undoubtedly a great monarch, distinguished 
for wisdom and ability. He was averse to war ; but when 
it was unavoidable, he entered into it with spirit and 
energy, and conducted it with talent and success. His 
administration of the government was characterized both 
by vigor and justice; and" he did much to establish the 
royal authority in opposition to the violence of the feudal 
barons, and to the exorbitant claims and pretensions of the 
clergy. He was a patron of learning and art; and many 
Gothic edifices of great splendor were erected during his 
reign. The arts of civilized life also made considerable 
progress during the same period. 



1 2. Latter part of Henry's reign ? Conduct of his sons ? Rebellion of John ? 
Death of the kiiiir ? 

1 3. Characterof Henry II. ? His government ? Learning ? The arts ? 



A. B. 1192.] THE PLANT A GENETS 77 



jlilo 14. Richard I. Coeur de Lion \kyur duhU-oncf] 
to — the Lion-hearted). — Henry's two elder sons having 
1199 die^ h e was succeeded by his third son, Eichard. 
Before the death of his father, Richard had engaged with 
Philip of France to enter upon a crusade against the infidels 
in Palestine ; and accordingly the year after his accession, 
leaving his kingdom to be adminstered by two bishops, whom 
he appointed its guardians, he set out. Previous to his de- 
parture some of the Jews, having brought him presents on 
the day of his coronation, were insulted by the populace ; and 
a rumor spreading that the king had commanded a mas- 
sacre of these people, the populace, not only in London, 
but in York, and other cities, rose up against them, and 
many were put to death with barbarous cruelty. 

15. After many delays, Richard and Philip arrived at 
their place of destination, and joined their forces to the 
other Christians, who, for two years, had besieged Acre 
(a' leer)* In a short time the city surrendered; but Philip, 
jealous of the superior abilities of Richard, and offended 
at his arrogance, determined to return home. Richard 
then marched his army to As'calon,f which, after many 
battles with the renowned Saladin, he succeeded in taking. 
He could, however, only obtain a sight of Jerusalem; for 
when he came near that city he found his forces so reduced 
in numbers, and so enfeebled by famine and hardship, that 
he was obliged to return (1192). 

16. He therefore concluded a truce with Saladin, who 
agreed that Acre and other seaport towns in Palestine 
should remain in the hands of the Christians, and that 
the pilgrims should be permitted to visit the Holy City 

* A seaport of Syria, noted for the memorable sieges it has sustained. It was taken by the 
first Crusaders m 1104, retaken by the Saracens in 1187, and regained by Richard four years 
afterward, as mentioned in the text. 

t A seaport of Syria, south of Acre, and about 40 miles W. S. W. of Jerusalem. It is now in 
ruins. 

14. Who succeeded Henry II. ? What enterprise did he engage in ? The Jews? 

15. What account is given of the Crusade ? 

1 6. Terms of peace with Saladin ? Richard's conduct and reputation in Pal 
eetine ? What is said of the generous conduct of Saladin ? 



78 THE PLAXTAGEKETS. [A.D.I 194. 

without molestation (1192). Richard had performed prodi- 
gies of yalor in his numerous battles with the Saracens, 
and had exhibited the highest characteristics of an able 
and daring leader. So well known were his strength and 
courage, that, it is said, the Saracens would often say to 
their horses when restive, "What! do you think you see 
King Richard ?" When it was necessary to repair the 
ruined walls of Ascalon, Richard, to encourage the sol- 
diers, labored in person ; and so great was the admiration 
in which he was held by Saladin, that, when he was dan- 
gerously sick with a fever, the generous sultan sent him 
fruits, ice to cool them, and other things necessary to aid 
in his recovery. 

17. On his voyage homeward, Richard was shipwrecked 
on the coast of Istria. As he had given great offence to 
the duke of Austria in Palestine, he undertook to travel 
through Germany in the disguise of a pilgrim to prevent dis- 
covery and arrest. He was, however, discovered, made a cap- 
tive by the duke, and delivered to the emperor, by whom 
he was kept in confinement until his subjects consented 
to pay a large ransom for his liberation. This unjust 
treatment of so valiant a champion of the cross excited 
great indignation, not only in England, but in other 
countries of Europe ; but Philip, although he had prom- 
ised not to invade the dominions of his colleague, with the 
grossest treachery and falsehood plotted with John to 
seize upon the dominions of the English monarch, and 
divide them between themselves. 

18. This scheme was disconcerted by the return of the 
lawful sovereign, on whose appearance the joy of the 
English was beyond bounds; and John was obliged to 
ask pardon of his much-injured brother (1191). It was 
generously granted, at Queen Eleanor's intercession, with 

17. What happened to Richard while on his return? What was the conduct 
of Philip and John '? 

18. Return of Richard? What was his conduct toward Johu ? Toward Philip? 
His death? 



A.D.I 199.1 THE PLANTAGEXETS. 79 

the exclamation: "0, that I could forget his. injuries as 
soon as he will my forgiveness !" After settling the affairs 
of England, Eichard made war upon Philip in revenge 
for his treachery, and transported an army into Normandy 
for the purpose. Hostilities continued, with occasional 
interruptions, until Richard's death, which was caused by 
a wound received while besieging the castle of a rebellious 
vassal in France (1199). He died in the tenth year of his 
reign, anckthe forty-second of his age. 

19. The character of this monarch is one of the most 
romantic to be found in history, and displayed a love of 
adventure, a military daring, and a strength and skill in 
feats of arms, unsurpassed in ancient or modern times. His 
people, oppressed by the taxes which were ruthlessly levied 
to carry out his useless projects, were yet proud of his fame, 
though, he accomplished nothing for their benefit, nor 
advanced in any respect, the prosperity of the country. 
The best traits of his character were his fearlessness, gen- 
erosity, and candor; but these were counterbalanced by 
his haughtiness, cruelty, and disregard for the good of 
others. He was passionately fond of music and poetry, 
being himself the author of several songs, which have 
given him a reputation among the troubadours, or poets 
of the time. Blondel, one of these minstrels, was his 
especial favorite.* 

1J99 ^' J°k n (Lackland). — Richard, having left no 
to children, was succeeded by his brother John ; 
* 2 although Arthur, Geoffrey's son, a youth of twelve 
years, was the rightful heir to the throne. Indeed, the barons 
in the French provinces declared in his favor; and Philip 
also embraced Arthur's cause. John, having been crowned, 

* According to tradition, it was Blondel who discovered, after many wanderings, the place 
of his captivity in Germany, by singing under the walls of his prison his favorite song, to which 
Richard at once responded. 



1 9. Character of Richard ? His popularity ? What is said of Blondel ? 

20. Who succeeded Richard I. ? Who was the rightful heir ? What wars were 
waged in his favor ? His fate ? 



80 THE PLAKTAGENETS. [A. D. 1212. 



immediately took active measures to defend his authority ; 
and the French king, always actuated by selfish motives, en- 
tered into a treaty with him, and deserted the young prince 
(1200). Tavo years afterward the war was renewed, and 
Philip again brought Prince Arthur forward as a claimant 
to the throne against John ; but the latter succeeded, in 
the course of the war, in taking his nephew prisoner, and 
caused him to be cruelly murdered (1203). 

21. Philip, at the instigation of the nobles of. Brittany, 
then summoned John, as duke of Normandy and Aqui- 
taine, to answer for this offence before a court of peers; 
but he refused to obey the summons, and was accordingly 
adjudged to lose all his French territories, which Philip, 
in a few years, succeeded in conquering and annexing 
to his own dominions. Thus, of all the French provinces 
which Henry Plantagenet had acquired, scarcely a single 
castle was left to acknowledge the sovereignty of his wicked 
and imbecile son. 

22. John was next involved in a quarrel with the Eoman 
pontiff (Innocent III.), who, on the death of the archbishop 
of Canterbury (1205), had, without regard to the king's 
authority, caused Stephen Langton to be elected to the 
vacancy. John refusing to give his sanction to the ap- 
pointment, Innocent placed the kingdom under an interdict, 
the effect of which was, that the churches were closed, the 
dead were refused Christian- burial, and all other religious 
offices ceased (1208). The king still resisting, was formally 
excommunicated by the pope (1209) ; his people were then 
absolved from their allegiance to him, and a solemn in- 
junction was laid upon Philip to execute the sentence and 
take possession of the kingdom (1212). 

23. John, finding that he could not rely upon his sub- 
jects to make opposition to the French monarch, at last 

21. Why was John deprived of his French territories ? 

22. What led to a difficulty with the pope ? What was done by Innocent ? 

23. Submission of John ? Disaster to Philip ? Why interesting ? 



A. D. 1215.] THE PLANTAGENETS. 81 

submitted, acknowledged Langton as primate, and solemnly 
surrendered his dominions to the pope, promising to hold 
them as, his obedient vassal, and to pay him an annual 
tribute (1213). Philip, persisting in his design to conquer 
England, sustained a great disaster in the loss of his fleet, 
which was attacked by the English and destroyed (in the 
harbor of Damme (dam), in Flanders). This was the first 
naval action of importance between the French and 
English. 

24. John's next contest was with his own subjects, whom 
he had inspired with universal discontent and hatred by 
his insolence, tyranny, and arbitrary exactions; and to 
these was now added the disgrace which they felt he had 
brought upon the nation by abandoning its independence, 
and surrendering it to a foreign power. The barons, there- 
fore, under the leadership of Langton, determined to wrest 
from the king a charter of privileges, by which the royal 
authority should be restrained, and the liberties of the 
people more securely established. 

25. This, John steadily refused until a large army had 
been raised by the barons, and the city of London taken, 
when he finally submitted, and signed the famous Magna 
Charta (the Great Charter) at Eunnymede (June 15, 1215). 
One of the most important articles of this instrument was, 
that " no delay should take place in doing justice to every 
one; and no freeman should be taken or imprisoned, dis- 
possessed of his free tenement, outlawed, or banished, unless 
by the legal judgment of Ms peers." This celebrated charter, 
therefore, although granted to the nobles, protected the 
rights of all, and is justly regarded as the palladium of 
English liberty. 

26. Although he had signed this instrument, and sol- 
emnly pledged his word to observe its provisions, John, 

24. John's next contest ? What coarse did the harons pursue ? 

25. Manila Charter? Where and when was it signed? One of its most im- 
portant articles? 

26. What is said of the treachery of John ? What foreign army was levied ? 



82 THE PLANTAGEKETS. [A. D. 1216. 

with his accustomed faithlessness and treachery, determined 
if possible to disregard it and to punish its authors. For 
this purpose he raised an army of foreign soldiers, and, 
under the sanction of a decree of the pope, revoked his 
assent to the charter. The barons were taken by surprise ; 
and John, with his barbarous mercenaries, marched through 
the kingdom, perpetrating every species of cruelty, and 
laying waste county after county with fire and sword. 

27. The barons, seeing no other means of redress, then had 
recourse to Philip of France, and offered to acknowledge 
his son Louis king of England on condition of receiving 
aid against their tyrannical sovereign. An army was ac- 
cordingly sent over with Louis at its head ; and John took 
measures to assemble all his forces to oppose it; but, pass- 
ing from Lynn to Lincoln, his road lay along the sea-shore, 
and being overtaken by the tide, he lost all his carriages, 
treasures, and baggage. This disaster, coupled with the 
distracted condition of his affairs, threw him into a fever, 
of which he in a few days expired, in the eighteenth year 
of his detestable reign (1216). 

28. Few characters in history deserve so thoroughly the 
execration and contempt of mankind as this wicked king. 
Falsehood, cowardice, tyranny, and licentiousness marked 
his whole conduct; and not a redeeming trait seems to 
have existed to save him from utter reprobation. His in- 
gratitude to his kind father, his treachery to his generous 
brother, and his cruelty toward his innocent nephew, were 
only equalled in baseness by the cowardice with which he 
surrendered the rights of his subjects when it seemed ne- 
cessary to serve his own interests. Yet, bad as he was, he 
proved an instrument for good in the hands of a beneficent 
Providence ; since his intolerable oppression drove the 
barons into rebellion, and was thus the means of securing 

the freedom of the people. 

_ 1 

27. Course taken by the barons ? Disaster to the kiny;? His death ? 

28. Character of John ? How was he an instrument of good ? 



A. D. 1236.] THE PLANTA GENETS. 83 

1216 ^' Henry III. — At the time of John's death, the 
to earl of Pembroke was marshal of England, and he, 
without delay, caused Henry, the son of the late 
king, a youth nine years of age, to be crowned. Pembroke, 
who was an able and virtuous nobleman, was, at a general 
council of the barons, chosen protector of the realm. One 
of his first acts was to cause the Great Charter to be re- 
newed and confirmed ; and consequently most of the 
rebellious nobles soon made their submission to his gov- 
ernment. The French army being defeated at Lincoln, 
and a fleet bringing him succor being destroyed, he 
was obliged to leave the kingdom. This ended the civil 
war which the oppression of King John had excited. 
Pembroke soon after died (1219) ; and the government was 
subsequently administered for nearly ten years by Hubert 
de Burgh, a nobleman who had acquired great renown in 
the recent naval action with the French. 

30. As the young king advanced in age, he was found 
to resemble his father in the weakness of his character, 
but was gentle, merciful, and humane. For years he 
showered favors upon his minister Hubert de Burgh, and 
implicitly followed his counsels; but, at length, in a fit 
of caprice, not only dismissed him, but subjected him to a 
series of the most merciless persecutions (1231). Peter, 
bishop of Winchester, a native of Poitou {piv&k$£oo') * then 
became his chief counsellor ; and, acting on hisjadvice, he 
invited over a great number of foreigners, on whom he 
conferred the most important offices aud dignities, in order 
that through them he might counterbalance the power 
of the English nobles. Having married Eleanor, daughter 
of the count of Provence (pro-vonse')* (1236), he also 

* A country in France. (See map of France, page 55.) 



29. Who was crowned king ? Who wag chosen protector? His first measures ? 
End of the French war? Who afterward administered the government ? 

30. Character of the young king? How did he treat Hubert de Burgh? Hi3 
next counsellor ? His course toward foreigners? His marriage? 



84 THE PLANTAGENETS. [A. D. 1258. 

brought over a number of strangers from that country, 
whom he enriched at the expense of his own subjects. 

31. To these grievances were also added the exactions 
of the court of Kome, to which Henry had, on his ac- 
cession, renewed the oath of allegiance taken by his father. 
All the chief offices in the Church were bestowed on 
Italians, and a large part of the ecclesiastical revenues 
were claimed by the Eoman pontiff. Moreover, the latter 
having decreed the forfeiture of the crown of Sicily, offered 
it to Henry, who, accepting the proposal, spent vast sums 
of money in attempting to complete its conquest ; and, in 
order to pay the debt thus incurred, applied to the Parlia- 
ment for supplies. This, with other unwise and^arbitrary 
acts, involved him in a difficulty with the barons, who com- 
pelled him in the most solemn manner to promise compliance 
with the provisions of Magna Charta; but, under the influ- 
ence of his unworthy favorites, he broke all his engagements. 

32. The barons, therefore, under the leadership of 
Simon de Montfort, earl of Leicester (tester), being- 
resolved to take the government into their own hands, 
appointed a council of state from their own number to 
redress the grievances under which they suffered; and 
Henry was compelled to acquiesce in their authority (1258). 
This proceeding was at first popular; but the council 
becoming exorbitant in their demands, the favor of the 
people inclined toward the king; and the influence of the 
barons became still farther impaired by the dissensions 
between the chief leaders, the earls of Leicester and 
Gloucester (glos'ter). Louis IX. also sustained the cause 
of the king against the rebellions barons, and exerted 
himself to pacify the contending parties. 

33. Civil war soon broke out, and Leicester, summoning 

31. What other grievances did the people suffer? What was done with regard 
to the crown of Sicily ? What if* said of the deceitful conduct of Henry ? 

32. What course did the barons take? How did the barons become unpopu- 
lar? Which side did Louis IX. favor ? 

33. What led to the battle of Lewes? Where is Lewes? (See Progressive 
Map, No. 5.) Effects of this batttle ? Institution of the House of Commons ? 



A. D. 1272.] THE PLANTA GENETS. 85 

Lis partisans from all quarters, gained a decisive victory 
over the royal forces at Lewes (1264), taking Henry and 
h is son Edward prisoners. The whole power of the kingdom 
was thus thrown into the hands of Leicester, who, in order 
to strengthen his influence, summoned a parliament, giv- 
ing seats in it, not only to the barons and knights, but to 
the representatives of the boroughs, or towns (1265). This 
is considered the first institution of the House of Com- 
mons, which, representing the will of the great body of 
the people, has ever proved the chief bulwark of the polit- 
ical and civil liberty of the country. 

34. Prince Edward having escaped from the confine- 
ment in which he had been kept by Leicester, raised an 
army; and in the battle of Eves'ham, entirely defeated the 
forces of Leicester, who, with his eldest son, was among 
the slain (1265). The victors, with savage ferocity, 
wreaked their vengeance upon his lifeless body; but 
the people long regarded him as a martyr to their cause 
and the champion of their liberties. By this victory 
Henry's authority was re-established in all parts of the 
kingdom; and Prince Edward having by prudent meas- 
ures restored general tranquillity, and infused a wiser and 
more popular spirit in the government, went on a crusade 
to the Holy Land, in connection with King Louis of 
Erance (1270). Before his return his father died, after 
the exceedingly long reign of fifty-six years (1272). 

35. Henry was mild and pacific in his disposition, but 
possessed neither the talents nor force of character re- 
quired to cope successfully with the difficulties of so dis- 
turbed a period. Like all weak sovereigns, he was incon- 
sistent and vacillating in his measures, and thus acquired 
the reproach of great insincerity. England, during his 
reign, increased in wealth and influence, and widely ex- 

34. What led to the battle of Evesham ? Where is Evesham ? What were the 
results of it ? What was clone by Prince Edward ? Death of Henry III. ? 

35. Character of Henry III. ? Progress made during his reign in commerce? 
Change in the people ? Language ? Dress ? 

4* 



86 THE PLAXTAGEXETS. LA.©. 1282. 

tended her commercial relations with other countries. This 
period also appears to mark the thorough intermingling 
of the Saxon and Gorman races. The English language 
began to assume its present form; and the difference in 
dress, so long a mark of distinction between the conquer- 
ing and the conquered people, had nearly passed away 
before the end of Henry's reign. 

1272 ^- Edward I. — The son of the late king, who 
to had already acquired among the English a high 
1J07 reputation for talent and address, was at once ac- 
knowledged sovereign by the barons, although absent, not 
having returned from his expedition to Palestine. After 
many glorious achievements in that country, he had 
hastened his departure, having heard of his father's ill- 
ness; and had reached Sicily, when he received tidings 
of the king's death, and of the peaceful settlement of the 
crown upon himself. He, accordingly, made no haste 
to occupy the throne, but spent more than a year in 
Italy and France before he arrived in England. After 
his coronation (1274), he made provision for the proper 
administration of justice and for a strict execution of 
the laws. 

37. The first event of importance during this reign, was 
the conquest of Wales. Llew-el'lyn, prince of that country, 
had been concerned in the rebellion of Simon de Montfort, 
but after his death had been pardoned. Edward, on his acces- 
sion, repeatedly sent him a summons to perform the duty of 
a vassal; and on his refusal invaded the country with an 
army, and compelled him to yield obedience (1277). Five 
years afterward the Welsh prince, with the aid of his 
brother David, again asserted his independence; but in an 
action with the English, under Edward, was defeated and 
slain (1282). David was a. short time afterward taken 

36. Who succeeded Henry III. ? What is said of his exploits in Palestine ? Hia 
return ? His first measure ? 

37. Llewellyn, prince of Wales ? David, his hrother? What was done with 
Wales ? What title was given to the heir apparent i 



A. D. 1291.] THE PLAK"TAGEIS T ETS. 87 

prisoner, sent in chains to Shrewsbury, and there executed 
as a traitor (1283). The principality was then annexed to 
the crown, and vested in the king's son, Edward, who was 
born at Caernarvon (Jcer-nar'von), and by the death of his 
elder brother became heir to the English throne. Ever 
since that event the heir-apparent has been styled the 
"Prince of Wales." 

38. The persecutions to which the Jews were exposed 
illustrate the bigotry as well as barbarity of these times. 
Clipping the coin was made a capital offence; and in the 
first part of this reign, 280 Jews were hanged, the sole 
evidence of their guilt being the possession of some of 
this coin (1278). A few years afterward, all the Jews in 
England were imprisoned, and were only released on 
their paying to the king £12,000; and finally the whole 
race, to the number of over 16,000, were banished the 
kingdom (1290). It was nearly four centuries before 
any of that proscribed race were allowed again to come 
into England. 

39. The wars with Scotland occupy nearly all the rest 
of this reign. Alexander III., king of that country, hav- 
ing died without heirs, numerous competitors arose for 
the throne, the most prominent of whom were John 
Ba'liol and Kobert Bruce, the former being the grandson 
of a second daughter, and the latter a son of a third 
daughter, of David, the brother of William II., the king 
whom Henry II. had defeated and taken prisoner. The 
parliament of Scotland, wishing to avoid a civil war, 
referred the matter to the arbitration of Edward, who 
took advantage of the circumstances to claim his right, 
as lord paramount, to the Scottish throne; and to this the 
Scots, though with great indignation, were compelled to 
submit (1291). 



38. What is said of the persecution? of the Jews ? Their banishment ? 

39. What wars occupy much of this rei^n ? What question arose as to tho 
succession in Scotland ? "What course did Edward pursue ? 



88 THE PLAXTAGEXETS. [A. D. 1294. 

40. The question between Baliol and Bruce having 
been decided by the most celebrated lawyers of Europe 
in favor of the former, as being the most direct heir, he 
was accordingly placed upon the throne, after having 
taken the oath of fealty to the English monarch (1292). 
Not satisfied with this, Edward so harassed Baliol with 
frequent and degrading commands, that the latter deter- 
mined at all hazards to make a stand for his own and his 
country's liberty, especially as at that time a war had 
broken out between England and France. This war had 
its origin in a quarrel between the crews of an English 
and a Norman vessel, who happening to go to the same 
place to fill their water-casks, fell into a dispute, in the 
course of which one of the Normans was slain. This bred 
dissensions between the sailors of both countries, and the 
sea soon became a scene of constant combat and piracies 
between them. At length a fleet of English ships encoun- 
tered one of Norman vessels, and after a fierce battle, 
destroyed or captured nearly the whole (1293) — L 

41. Philip,Jdng of France, being then appealed to, sum- 
moned Edward, as duke of Guienne (glie-en'), to appear 
and answer for these oifences committed by his subjects; 
and afterward artfully persuaded him temporarily to 
relinquish possession of the duchy, as a satisfaction for 
all injuries. The French king thus obtaining control of 
Guienne, again cited Edward, and on his refusal to appear, 
declared the duchy forfeited, and annexed it to his own 
dominions (1294). In order still farther to embarrass 
Edward, he entered into a secret alliance with Baliol, 
thus commencing that union betAveen the Scottish and 
French nations which for centuries was maintained by 
their common hostility to the English. In order to obtain 
the supplies needed to carry on this double war, Edward 

40. How was the question settled? Why did Baliol revolt? What led to a 
war with France ? 

4 1 . How did Philip ohtain Guienne ? What alliance did he enter into ? What 
did this begin ? What measure was adopted by Kdward ? 



A. ». 1305.] THE PLANTA GENETS. 89 

called a parliament, to which he directed that the repre- 
sentatives of the boroughs should be summoned, stating 
that "what concerns all should be approved by all," — a 
principle that lies at the foundation of all civil and polit- 
ical freedom (1295)./ 

42. Edward, with characteristic energy, marched into 
Scotland with a large army, and having defeated the 
Scots near Dunbar, reduced all the southern part of the 
country (1296). Baliol at once submitted, and was carried 
a prisoner to London. He was kept in confinement for 
two years, after which he was allowed to retire to France, 
where he died in obscurity. Scotland, although subdued 
for a time, soon found a noble champion in the renowned 
William Wallace, who defeated an English army of 40,000 
men near Stirling, and committed great ravages in the 
north of England (1297). The next year, however, 
Edward defeated Wallace in the battle of Ealkirk (fawl'- 
MrJc), and again established his power in Scotland. Wal- 
lace was never afterward able to gain a decisive victory 
over his country's enemies, although he fought bravely 
for several years, until, having been betrayed by one of his 
own countrymen into the power of Edward, that remorse- 
less king sent him to London ; and, in order to intimidate 
the Scottish leaders, caused him to be executed (1305). 

43. The people of Scotland, indignant at the oppres- 
sions of the English, and at the cruel and ignominious 
treatment of their illustrious champion Wallace, deter- 
mined to make another effort to regain their liberties, 
finding a gallant and patriotic leader in Eobert Bruce, 
son of the competitor of Baliol, who being acknowledged 
the rightful heir to the throne, had been solemnly crowned 
in the abbey of Scone. The English were soon driven 
again from the country; but Edward immediately sent 

42. How was Baliol subdued? What became of him? William Wallace? 
Battle of .Falkirk ? Fate of Wallace ? 

43. What is said of Robert Bruce? By whom was he defeated? Death of 
Edward? His last iuj unction to his son ? 



90 THE PLA^TAGEXETS. LA. D. 1307. 

thither a considerable army under Ay'mer de Valence 
(val-ons'), a skilful general, by whom Bruce, in spite of 
the most heroic exertions, was defeated, and compelled to 
take shelter in the western isles. Edward, determined to 
take vengeance upon the Scots, marched with a great 
army to the north; but worn out with care and fatigue, 
fell sick at Carlisle and died (1307). His last injunction 
to his son and successor was to continue the war unti] 
Scotland should be entirely subdued. 

44. Edward was one of the ablest and most successful 
monarchs that ever reigned. He was politic and warlike, 
and very popular on account of his majestic personal 
appearance, his military successes, and the efforts which 
lie made to reform and establish the laws. These efforts 
gained for him the appellation of the "English Justinian/* 
The Great Charter was solemnly confirmed by him in the 
twenty-fifth year of his reign, although with great reluc- 
tance on his part; and he was compelled also to give his 
formal assent to the principle, so important in the English 
Constitution, that "no taxes can be lawfully imposed 
without the consent of parliament." It is very much to 
the credit of the English, that they were able to wrest 
these important concessions from so able and vigorous a 
monarch as Edward I. 

45. The people not only made progress in political free- 
dom during this reign, but in general intelligence and 
social culture. Many discoveries in science and many useful 
inventions were made by Roger Bacon,* among the latter 
that of gunpowder, although he failed to adapt it to any 
practical purpose. Considerable foreign commerce was 

* Roger Bacon was born in 1214, and educated at Oxford. His scientific knowledge was so 
far above the comprehension of his contemporaries, that he was accused of sorcery. He died 
in 1291. It was not until 1320 that Schwartz discovered a method of producing granulated 
gunpouder, and thus adapted it to practical use. 



44. What is said of the character of Edward I. ? What was he styled ? What 
political principles were established? 

45. What progress was made during this reign? Roger Bacon? Foreign 
commerce ? How was trade carried on ? Origin of the name " sterling money ?" 
(See note, page 86). 



A. B. 1312.] THE PLANTAGEKETS. 91 

carried on, chiefly by Germans,* the principal commodi- 
ties being tin, lead, leather, and wool. The native 
merchants remonstrating to Edward against permitting 
"merchant strangers" to settle in the kingdom, he replied 
that they were of great benefit to the country, and should 
not be expelled. The trade was, to a considerable extent, 
carried on at fairs, which often continued for more than a 
fortnight, and were attended by vast crowds of people, 
sometimes equalling the population of large cities. 
1307 ^' Edward II. — "Edward of Caernarvon," so 
to called from the place of his birth, proved a very 
unworthy successor of his talented and illustrious 
father. Disobeying the solemn injunction imposed npon 
him, he speedily withdrew his forces from Scotland ; and 
thus Robert Bruce was enabled gradually to recover from 
the English the fortresses which they had seized, and to re- 
establish the freedom of his country. In the mean time 
Edward gave himself up to the influence of an unworthy 
favorite, Gaveston by name, the son of a Gascon knight, 
brave, accomplished, and of handsome appearance; but of 
frivolous manners, and very much hated by the English 
nobles, whom, priding himself upon his power over the 
king, he treated with haughty disdain. 

47. Twice compelled by parliament to banish him from 
the kingdom, Edward as often recalled him, and restored 
him to his former wealth and dignity. At length, a con- 
federacy of the nobles being formed to accomplish his 
ruin, he was captured by their forces, conducted to War- 
wick Castle, and without trial, or any legal process what- 
ever, beheaded, as an enemy to the kingdom (1312). 
Edward was at first very indignant at the murder of his 

* These German merchants were called Enterlinga, (people from the east,) from the situation 
of their country; and as they coined a large part of the money, good currency came to be called 
sterling money. 

46. Title given to Edward II. ? What is said of him? The Scots? Conduct 
of Edward ? What account is given of Gaveston ? 

47. Further account of Gaveston and his fate? Behavior of Edward toward 
the nobles ? 



92 THE PLAXTAGEXETS. LA. ». 1314. 



favorite, and vowed vengeance against the nobles who had 
been concerned in its perpetration; but soon afterward 
granted them a full pardon, on their consenting to suppli- 
cate him for it publicly on their knees. 

48. Soon after these events the attention of the king 
was called to the Scots, who, not content with defending 
their own country, had made successful inroads into Eng- 
land. The union of all parties, after the death of Gaveston, [ 
seemed to offer a favorable opportunity to concentrate all 
the forces of the kingdom against Scotland, and to recover 
all that had been lost in that country by the lethargy of 
the king. The castle of Stirling was the only fortress, 
except Benvick, which the English still retained ; and this ,5 
had long been closely besieged by Edward Bruce, brother [ 
of the Scottish king. 

49. Thither, with an immense army (100,000 according 
to the Scotch writers), Edward marched to relieve the 
garrison; and Robert Bruce, being determined to risk a 
battle, drew up his forces (about 30,000 in number) at 
Bannockburn, about two miles from Stirling, where his 
army was protected by a hill on his right, a morass on his 
left, and a rivulet on his front. The English advanced 
with great confidence ; but their cavalry were immediately 
thrown into disorder by an ingenious device of Bruce, w T ho 
had caused deep pits to be dug in the plain which extended 
between his army and the rivulet. Before the English 
army could recover from this disaster, they were dismayed 
by seeing what appeared to be a second Scottish army 
coming over the hill, but which was, in fact, only a large 
number of waggoners and servants of the army, whom 
Bruce had supplied with banners, and stationed behind the 
hill. The English, panic-stricken, fled from the field, and 
were pursued with great slaughter till they reached Ber- 

48. What had, meanwhile, been done by the Scots? What castle was be- 
sieged? 

49. Edward's invasion of Scotland ? Battle of Bannockburn ? Escape of the 
kin# ? What was the effect of this victory ? 



A. D. 1325.] THE PLANTAGENETS. 93 

i i 

I wick. The king only escaped capture by taking shelter 
at Dunbar, whence he sailed to Berwick (ber'rik) (1314). 
This victory secured the independence of Scotland. y 

50. The embarrassment of Edward, caused by this severe 
disaster to his arms, was increased by insurrections in Ire- 
land and Wales; and still further by the factious opposition 
of the English barons, prominent among whom was the 
Earl of Lancaster. With no force of character, or capacity 
for serious business, the king was unable to cope with 
these difficulties, and weakly surrendered himself to the 
influence of another favorite, named Spenser, a young man 
of high rank, engaging appearance and manners, and at- 
tractive accomplishments. So extravagant were the honors 
and authority bestowed by Edward upon this new minion 
as well as upon his father, that Lancaster and the other 
great barons, jealous of his influence, combined against 
him; and raising an army, compelled Parliament to sen- 
tence both the Spensers to perpetual exile. 

51. The king subsequently succeeded in uniting his 
friends, and, with a considerable army, proceeded against 
Lancaster, whom he defeated, and caused to be executed 
in a very ignominious manner, together with others of the 
same faction (1322). The Spensers were therefore recalled 
and invested with increased dignities; bat they gave new 
oifence by the arrogance of their demeanor. Edward's 
queen, Isabella, daughter of Philip the Fair, of France, a 
woman remarkable for her beauty, but of unrestrained dis- 
soluteness, was especially hostile to these insolent favorites ; 
and she became indignant at the king for his imbecility 
and neglect. Forming the acquaintance of one Roger Mor- 
timer, she made him her companion and paramour, a.nd 
entered into a plot for the destruction of the favorites and 
the dethronement of her husband (1325). 

52. The king, deserted by all his subjects, fled into 

50. How was Edward 1 ? embarrassment increased ? His conduct ? The Spensers ? 

51. What led to their recall ? What was the conduct of Queen Isabella ? 

52. Flight and captivity of the king ? His fate ? 



94 THE PLANTAGENETS. [A. B. 1328. 

"Wales, but was soon obliged to surrender himself a prisoner 
(1326). Soon afterward, a parliament was called by the 
queen ; and he was formally deposed, and subsequently 
confined for a time in Kenilworth Castle,* his son Edward 
being placed on the throne, under a council of regency, 
although the government was really administered by 
Isabella and Mortimer (1327). The unfortunate king was 
afterward removed to Berkeley Castle, \ and placed in the 
power of brutal keepers, who treated him with the most 
revolting cruelty and insult. At last, by order of Mortimer, 
these ruffians put him to death in a most shocking manner, 
and reported that he had died of a violent disease, since 
they had contrived that his person outwardly should betray 
no signs of the murderous treatment to which he had been 
subjected (1327). 

1327 ^' Edward III. was only fourteen years of age 
to when he was crowned king; and, the year after, he 
1377 wag maiT i e d to Philippa, daughter of the Count of 
Hainault (ha-no'), having been for some time previously affi- 
anced to this princess by his mother, Isabella. During the re- 
gency an unsuccessful expedition was undertaken against the 
Scots; and a disgraceful treaty was entered into with them, 
Mortimer consenting to give up all claim to homage from 
the Scottish monarch. This treaty was ratified by Parlia- 
ment, but created great discontent among the people (1328). 
The arbitrary conduct of Mortimer, and his insolent usur- 
pation of royal power, made all parties hostile to him; and 
the young prince, with a spirit and judgment beyond his 
years, contrived a method to put an end to his rule. With 
the aid of several of the nobles, he entered the castle occu- 

* Kenilworth is a town in the western part of England, beautifully situated on the Avon. 
The castle, now an extensive, ivy-covered ruin, was founded in the reisn of Henry I. It 
remained entire till sucked by the so.diers of Cromwell. The name, Kenilworth, is said to be 
derived from Ki-nulph, a Mercian king. 

t Berkeley is near the Severn, in the western part of England. The castle is a large, irregular 
pile, enclosing a spacious court, and regarded as one of the finest specimens of feudal archi- 
tecture in England. The apartment in which the unfortunate Edward met his fate is still 
shown to visitors. 

53. Who was crowned king? Hi? marriage? Treaty with the Scots? Con- 
duct of Mortimer ? End of his misrule ? 



A. ©.1340.] THE PLA^TAGENETS. 95 

pied by the guilty pair, and seizing Mortimer, had him 
brought to trial, and being condemned, he was hanged 
on a gibbet (1330). The queen was kept in close confine 
ment during the remainder of her life. 

54. Kobert Bruce, who had fully achieved the independ- 
ence of Scotland, left the throne to his son David, who, 
at the time of his father's death, was only five years old. 
Edward, taking advantage of this circumstance, endeavored 
to depose the young king, so as to place on the throne 
Edward Baliol, son of the former king of that name ; he 
having agreed to hold it as a vassal of the English monarch. 
This the Scots resisted, but were severely defeated by Ed- 
ward in the great battle of Haridown Hill (1333), and 
were thus again brought into subjection to the English 
crown, David having fled from his country and taken 
refuge in France. 

55. Edward's next object of ambition was to acquire 
possession of the throne of France, ciiciunstances seeming 
at this time to favor the project; for Charles IV., the 
French king, having died without heirs, the nation had 
placed his cousin Philip on the throne. But Edward, 
through his mother Isabella, was a more direct descendant ; 
and on this ground, notwithstanding that the ancient laws 
of France (the Salic law — i. e., the law of the Salian Franks) 
excluded females from the throne, he claimed his right to 
the succession, and proceeded to vindicate it by force of 
arms. 

56. Having destroyed the French fleet in a great naval 
battle (1340), he invaded France, and, with forces far 
inferior to those of Philip, defeated him in the memorable 
battle of Crecy {Jcres'e). This battle was made particularly 
interesting, not only by the greatness of the victory achieved 
by Edward, but also by the fact that in it cannon were for 

54. What led to the hattle of Halidown Hill ? Its result ? 

55. What was the occasion of Edward's claiming the French throne? What 
was the Salic law ? 

56. Invasion of France ? Battle of Crecy ? Why especially interesting ? 



96 THE PLAXTAGEXETS. [A. D. 1316. [ 

the first time employed by the English,* and also as the 
occasion on which the king's son Edward, styled the Black 
Prince (from the color of his armor), commenced his bril- 
liant military career (1346). 

57. Edward next took Calais (kal'is), after a siege of 
nearly twelve months ; and having expelled all the inhab- 
itants, peopled it anew with English, thns making it in 
fact an English city. He also made it an emporium for 
the four chief commodities of his kingdom — wool, leather, 
tin, and lead. By this policy he was the means of pre- 
serving this city, regarded as the key of France, to his suc- 
cessors for nearly two centuries. While Edward was thus 
engaged, the Scottish people rallied for the restoration of 
their independence, and again placed David Bruce upon 
the throne, who, invading England, was defeated and taken 
prisoner in the battle of Neville's Cross, near Durham 

(1346)./ 

58. This victory was in some measure due to the activity 
and heroism of Queen Philippa, who, previous to the action, 
rode through the ranks of the army, exhorting every man to 
do his duty in repelling the invaders of their country. Hav- 
ing caused David to be lodged in the Tower, she joined 
her husband before Calais, arriving in time to prevent the 
commission by him of a most ruthless act of cruelty ; for 
he ordered to execution six of the citizens of Calais, who 
had been sent, on his demand, to make a formal surrender 
of the city ; but was moved from his revengeful purpose by 
the earnest supplications of his brave and noble queen. 

59. A truce was concluded, a short time afterward, be- 

* Fire-arms appear to have been used by the Chinese as early as 618 B. C, nearly two thousand 
years before the battle of Urecy. They were also used in various forms in India; and in the 
eighth century by the Saracens. The invention of gunpowder is generally attributed to Friar 
Bacon, who, in 1270. announced its composition; but it was not until 1320 that the proper mode 
of making it was understood. King Edward's cannon were, of course, very small, being about 
the size of duck-guns. 



57. Capture of Calais ? How did Edward treat the inhabitants? Further his- 
tory of the city ? What led to the battle of Neville's Cross i 

58. To what was this victory due ? What was done by Queen Philippa? What 
cruel act did she prevent ? 

59. What truce was agreed upon ? How protracted ? The Great Plague ? 



A. D. 1355.1 THE PLAXT A GENETS. 97 

tween the French and English monarchs, which was pro- 
tracted by a dreadful plague that swept away many thou- 
sands of the people, not only in England, but in most of 
the other countries of Europe. This dreadful pestilence 
first made its appearance in Asia ; and so frightful were its 
ravages, especially among the lower orders of the people, 
that in some places scarcely enough of the inhabitants 
remained alive to till the ground. Above 50,000 persons 
are said to have perished by it in the city of London alone. 
The brute creation also suffered from its destructive viru- 
lence, vast numbers of cattle dying from the wide-spread 
contagion (1340). 

60. Philip, king of France, having been succeeded by 
John (1350), and the country being distracted by factious 
dissensions, Edward, at the expiration of the truce, re- 
solved again to assert his claim to the French throne. Ac- 
cordingly, the Black Prince sailed to the Garonne (gah-ron') 
with a fleet of three hundred vessels, containing a large 
army, with which he invaded the south of France, and, 
meeting with no opposition, committed the most dreadful 
ravages, reducing towns and villages to ashes, and laying 
waste the country wherever his march extended. At the 
same time, the king himself made a similar incursion from 
Calais ; but John kept at a distance, not deeming his forces 
sufficient to risk a battle (1355). 

61. The next year, the Black Prince, encouraged by the. 
success of the previous campaign, proceeding from Guienne 
with an army of about 12,000 men, penetrated into the 
heart of France ; but at Poitiers (poi-terz') found himself 
unexpectedly confronted by a splendidly equipped force of 
60,000 men, commanded by John in person. Unable to 
retreat, and unwilling to risk an engagement with an 
army so greatly superior to his own, he offered to restore 
all his conquests and to give up the war, on condition that 

60. What led to another invasion of France ? Describe it. 

61. How was the battle of Poitiers caused ? Describe it. 



98 THE PLAXTAGEXETS. [A. D. 1377. 

lie might be permitted an honorable retreat; but the 
French king declining every proposal except that of uncon- 
ditional surrender, a battle ensued, which, owing to the 
skill and yalor of the Black Prince, resulted in the entire 
overthrow of the French, John himself being made a pris- 
oner (1356). 

62. In accordance with the manners of the times, John 
was treated by his conqueror with the most chivalric court- 
esy and respect. He was, however, kept in captivity at 
London till ransomed by his subjects (1360), when' he re- 
sumed the throne ; but, subsequently, not being able to 
fulfil the terms of his release, he returned to London, 
where he died a short time afterward (1361). Under his 
successor, Charles, the war was renewed between the two 
countries ; but Edward gained no permanent advantage, 
although the Black Prince displayed all the qualities of 
an able and enterprising general. The prince was gener- 
ally very humane ; but the town of Limoges (le-mozli), 

which had received very many benefits from him, having 
revolted and taken part with his enemies, he was so much 
exasperated at the ingratitude of its inhabitants, that on 
its capture he cruelly caused them to be put to the sword. 

63. These events terminated his military career. He re- 
turned to England, and, after six years of painful and lin- 
gering sickness, caused by incessant toil and exposure, died 
universally esteemed, not only for his heroism and skill as a 
military commander, but for the generosity, moderation, 
and amiability which shed still greater lustre on his char- 
acter (1376). The king survived him only a year, expiring 
in the sixty-fifth year of his age, after a reign of more than 
fifty years (1377). 

64. Edward III. was a wise and powerful monarch, 

62. How was John treated ? Why did he return to London ? His death ? 
When was the war renewed ? With what result ? How was Limoges treated ? 

63. Further history of the Black Prince? His character? Death of Ed- 
ward III. ? 

64. Character of Edward III. ? What was he called, and why ? Trade ? Liter- 
ature ? What authors are mentioned? 



A.». 1377.] THE PLANTAGENETS. 99 

popular not only for his military success and prudent ad- 
ministration, but for his many personal accomplishments. 
He took no important steps without consulting Parliament, 
refused to pay the tribute to Kome to which John had 
submitted, and so greatly encouraged trade, that he has 
been called the " Father of English commerce." Wool 
was the chief article of export, and an extensive trade 
was carried on with the ports of the Baltic. During this 
reign, also, commenced the first era oe English lit- 
erature,— the earliest work in prose, the Travels of Sir 
John Mandeville, being published about 1-360. The fa- 
mous John WicJch'ffe and the poets Chaucer (chaw'ser) 
and Goiver also nourished during a part of this reign. 
13 y 7 65. Richard II. — Edw^ard III. was succeeded by 

to his grandson Kichard, son of the Black Prince, a 
1399 y 0U th eleven years of age ; and, at the request of the 
House of Commons, a council was appointed by the Lords 
to administer the government, which was presided over 
by the three uncles of the king, among whom John of 
Gaunt,* Duke of Lancaster, exercised the chief authority. 
Hostilities were carried on in France ; but little was effected, 
in consequence of the prudent measures of Charles the 
Wise. Scotland, under its king, Eobert Stuart, the first 
of that name, was in close alliance with Erance, and hence 
shared in the war. 

66. To defray the expenses thus incurred, Parliament 
imposed an unusual tax of three groats on every person, 
male and female, above fifteen years of age ; and this, 
added to the miseries which the lower orders of the people 
suffered from the unjust laws of the period, produced an 
insurrection. The immediate occasion of the outbreak was 
the indignity with which a young maiden, the daughter 

* John of OJaunt, or Ghent, was so called from the place of his birth. 



65. By whom was Edward III. succeeded ? How was the government admin- 
istered? What is said of France ? Scotland? 

66. What caused an insurrection? What incensed Wat Tyler? 



100 THE PLAXTAGEVETS. [A. ». 1381. 

of one Wat Tyler (or Wat, the tiler), was treated by one 
of the brutul tax-gatherers. This outrage so incensed her 
father, that he struck the officer dead with his hammer, 
and, being joined by his friends and neighbors, raised a re- 
volt, placing himself at the head of the insurgents (1381). 

67. The mutinous populace, amounting to 100,000 men, 
assembled at Blackheath, near London, under their leaders 
Wat Tyler and Jack Straw. They were still further ex- 
cited by one John Ball, an itinerant preacher, who inflamed 
their minds by depicting the wrongs which were inflicted 
upon them by the wealthy classes, in depriving them 
of their natural right to liberty and an equal share in the 
government.* Thus incensed, they broke into the city, 
burned the palaces and mansions of the nobles, plundered 
the warehouses, and murdered the archbishop and many 
other persons of distinction (1381). 

68. The king having entered upon a conference with 
Wat Tyler, the latter, it is said, acted with so much inso- 
lence, that Wal'worth, the mayor of London, struck him 
with his sword, whereupon Tyler was immediately de- 
spatched by others of the king's retinue. Eichard, in or- 
der to quell the mutiny, acceded to the demands of the in- 
surgents, and they accordingly dispersed ; but the nobility 
having raised a large army, the ringleaders were appre- 
hended and executed, and the concessions of the king were 
annulled (1381). This made Eichard very unpopular with 
the lower orders, for their demands had been reasonable 
and just. The most important was, that villenage or 
slavery should be abolished, the people paying a fixed rent 
for their lands, instead of being bound to do such services 
as their feudal lords might require. Serfdom, however, 

* He took the following lines as the text of his harangues : 

When Adam delved and Eve span, 
Where was then the Gentleman? 



67. What was done by the insurgents? By whom were they led ? John Ball ? 
Effect of his preaching ? 

68. How was Tyler killed? What course did Richard pursue? What made 
him unpopular? What were the demands of the lower orders ? Serfdom ? 



A.D.I 400.] THE PLANTAGE^ETS. 101 

continued to exist in England for more than four centuries 
after these events. 

69. Richard, although displaying so much spirit and cour- 
age in these times of disturbance, was afterward charac- 
terized by indolence, and a want of judgment and capacity. 
He quarrelled with the great officers and distinguished 
nobles of his court, and gave his entire confidence to un- 
worthy favorites. He had banished his cousin Henry, son 
of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, for being concerned 
in a duel ; and, on the death of the duke, proceeded to dis- 
possess Henry of his estates and annex them to those of 
the crown. Henry, however, taking advantage of Rich- 
ard's absence in Ireland, landed in England with a small 
force ; and so unpopular had the king become, that the 
invader was soon joined by a force of 60,000 men. 

70. Richard, deserted by every one, after wandering for 
some time among the mountains of Wales, was obliged to 
surrender himself, and was carried a prisoner to the Tower. 
With the most abject pusillanimity, he resigned the crown 
to Henry, and was formally deposed by Parliament, who 
placed Henry on the throne (1399). Richard, according 
to the English historians, died of starvation* after a few 
months' imprisonment (1400). During this reign, Wick- 
liffe,f called by some the " Morning Star of the Reforma- 
tion," translated the Bible. He and his doctrines were 
much favored by John of Gaunt. Chaucer, J; styled the 
"Father of English Poetry," who wrote the celebrated 
poem, " The Canterbury Tales," was a follower of Wickliffe. 

* The French historians state that he was murdered by violent means; but some of the Scotch 
writers assert that he escaped from confinement and fled to the Western Isles of Scotland; and 
there being recognized, he was carried to the court of the Scottish king, where he lived for 
some years, and died at Stirling in lil9. 

t Wickliffe advocated many of the doctrines which were afterward preached by Luther and 
his followers, in the. sixteenth century. His disciples were called Lollard*. He died in 1384. 

* Chaucer was born in 1328, it is supposed, and died a short time after the deposition of 
Kiehird II., in 1400. His poems are characterized by vigor and fertility of imagination, and 
great dramatic power. His prose writings have also very superior merit. 



69. Subsequent conduct of the kins ? What was done by Henry of Lancaster ? 

70. Further history of Richard? How did the parliament proceed ? Fate of 
Richard ? What is said of Wickliffe ? Of Chaucer ? 



102 THE PLANTAGEN"ETS. 



State of Society tjxdek the Plaktage^ets. 

71. The most important of all the changes that took 
place during this period was the institution of the House 
of Commons. It gave the death-blow to the feudal sys- 
tem, by conferring upon the vassal some of the political 
rights enjoyed by his superior. The English monarchs 
constantly sought to evade the provisions of Magna Oharta, 
but without success; for no less than thirty-eight times 
were they compelled to ratify it. By this great fundamen- 
tal law, private property and personal liberty were equally 
protected, it being clearly provided that the king could 
levy no money without the consent of Parliament. This 
clause, sometimes omitted in the ratification of the Charter, 
was fully established during the reign of Edward I. 

72. Trial by jury, during this period, took the place of 
the "judicial combat" of the Normans. The Great Char- 
ter prescribed "the legal judgment of his peers" as neces- 
sary for the condemnation of one accused of crime; but 
in the reign of Henry II., a person unwilling to risk 
a judicial combat might refer the case to four knights 
chosen by the sheriff, who, in their turn, selected tivelve 
more. In the reign of Henry III., the employment of 
twelve jurors to decide cases was often resorted to; but 
these were witnesses as well as judges, and it was not until 
some time afterward that jurymen were made exclusively 
judges, deciding the case solely on the testimony of others. 

73. Although so much had been accomplished toward 
laying the foundation of English liberty, the condition of 
the common people was very little improved. A degrading 
system of serfdom continued to exist. Slaves were bought 
and sold at the fairs, and it is said that the price of a man 

71. The House of Common?? Effect of its establishment? Successive con- 
firmation? of it? What did it protect ? 

72. Trial by jury? Of what did it take the place ? What were the jurors at first ? 

73. Serfdom? Modes of living among the higher classes? What means of 
comfort were introduced ? Improvement in the dwellings ? Furniture ? 



THE PLANTAGENETS. 103 

was less than that paid for a horse. The modes of living 
among the higher classes had, however, become more re- 
fined. Glass windows, vessels of earthenware, the use of 
coal for fire and of candles for light enlarged their means 
of comfort; the appearance of their dwellings was im- 
proved by the substitution of tiles for straw thatch. The 
furniture was still scanty and uncouth. 

74. The costume of the period was curious and fantastic. 
Long pointed shoes, with the toes fastened to the knees 
or the girdle ; stockings of different colors; a coat half blue 
or black, half white, with grousers reaching scarcely to the 
knees, were some of the most prominent peculiarities in the 
dress of the fine gentlemen. The ladies wore party-colored 
tunics, very short tippets, small caps, and girdles orna- 
mented with gold and silver, in which they carried two 
small swords. Their trains were very long; and their 
head-dresses towered sometimes two feet above their heads, 
and were decked at the summit with waving ribbons of 
various colors. 

75. Wool was the most important article of commerce ; 
and in this traffic the king himself did not disdain to take 
part. On this account- Edward III. was called by his 
French rival, in derision, the "Koyal wool-merchant." 
This, with the other commodities, was sold principally 
to the German traders, who imported gold, silver, silks, 
wines, spices, and other luxuries in return. Agriculture 
was carried on in a very rude manner, being left to 
the lowest classes ; although Edward I. did not disdain to 
insert in a book of laws, issued during his reign, a series 
of directions as to the manner of tilling the soil. Horti- 
culture received considerable attention, every house of the 
better class having a garden or "pleasance;" while the 
monasteries had besides, a "herberie" or physic garden 
attached to them, for the growth of herbs used in medicines. 

74. Costume ? Dreps of the gentlemen ? Of the ladies ? 

75. Traffic in wool? The German traders ? Agriculture? Horticulture? 



104 THE PLANTAGE^ETS. 



76. Science made some progress during this period. 
Roger Bacon applied the learning which he had acquired 
at Oxford to the discovery of useful knowledge. Besides 
the composition of gunpowder, he made many other 
discoveries, and invented various mathematical and philo- 
sophical instruments. His wonderful knowledge made the 
people regard him as a magician ; and he was consequently 
thrown into prison, where he was kept many years. As- 
trology was the favorite study of these times, not only in 
England but in most other countries of Europe. The as- 
trologer was supposed to be able to foretell future events by 
observing the appearances of the heavenly bodies ; and it 
was a long time before the futility of this pretence was 
discovered. The constant observations of the astrologers, 
and the construction of instruments required for making 
them, led to improvement in the science of astronomy. 

77. Learning made, nevertheless, but little advancement, 
and was still confined to the clergy ; for the attention of 
the higher classes of the laity was absorbed in the pursuits 
of war and hunting. There were no books except such as 
had been prepared with great expense of time and labor in 
the writing-rooms of the monasteries ; and these brought 
a very high price, as much as $200 being paid for a copy 
of the Bible. Toward the close of the period, the English 
mind began to awaken from its bondage ; and literature 
sprang into existence, being ushered in by those great 
lights, — Geoffrey Chaucer and John Wickliffe. The lan- 
guage of these writers differs considerably from modern 
English, and is therefore difficult to read. It is called 
" Middle English," since it comes between the " Semi-Saxon," 
which preceded it, and modern English, which commenced 
during the reign of Queen Elizabeth. 



•76. Science? Roirer Bacon? Astrology? To what did its cultivation lead ? 

77. Learning? Books? How were they made ? What was their value ? Dawn 
of literature? Chaucer and Wickliffe? Language of the period? Why called 
Middle English ? 



THE PLAKTAGENETS. 105 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1154. Henry II. Reigned 35 years. 
1164 Constitutions of Clarendon adopted. 
1170. Murder of Thomas a Becket. 
1172. Conquest of Ireland. 
1189. Richard I. Reigned 10 years. 
1192. Treaty of Richard with Saladin. 
1199, John. Reigned 17 years. 
1203. Murder of Prince Arthur. 

1215. Magna Charter signed. 

1216. Henry III. Reigned 56 years. 
1219. Death of the Earl of Pembroke. 

1264. Battle of Lewes. 

1265. House of Commons instituted. 

" Battle of Evesham — Death of Leicester. 

1272. Edward I. Reigned 35 years. 

1278. Persecution of the Jews. 

1283. Conquest of Wales. 

1292. Baliol placed on the Scottish throne. 

1296. Battle of Dunbar : Baliol defeated and deposed. 

1298. Battle of Falkirk; defeat of Wallace. 

1305. Execution of Wallace. 

1307. Edward II. Reigned 20 years. 

1314. Battle of Bannockburn ; the English defeated by Bruce. 
1327. Edward III. Reigned 50 years. 

1330. Execution of Roger Mortimer. 

1333. Battle of Halidown Hill ; the Scots defeated. 

1346. Battle of Crecy ; the French defeated. 

" Battle of Neville's Cross ; the Scots defeated. 

1347. Taking of Calais by the English. 
1349. The Great Plague. 

1356. Battle of Poitiers ; the French defeated. 

1376. Death of the Black Prince. 

1377. Richard II. Reigned 22 years. 
1381. Insurrection under Wat Tyler. 
1384. Death of Wickliffe. 

1399. Invasion by Henry, Duke of Lancaster. 
" The king taken prisoner, and deposed. 

1400. Death of Chaucer. 



106 THE PLANTAGENETS. 



GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE PLANTAGENETS. 

Henry II. (Plantagenet). 
1 * 

William. Henry. Richard I. Geoffrey. John. 

Prince Arthur. 

Henry IH. 

I 
Edward I. 

I 

Edward II, 
Edward IH. 



Edward, William, Lionel. John of Gaunt 

(the Black Prince.) (died 1335.) (Duke of Lancaster.) 

Philippa. 
Richard H. Henry IV. 

Roger Mortimer. 

Edmund Mortimer, 
(born 1392; died 1424.) 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGB 

1. Relate the events which made Henry n. king 64-65-71 

2. How extensive was Henry's domain? 64-65-71 

3. What were the first measures of his rule ? 72 

4. Give an account of Thomas a Becket 71-72-73-74, Note 74 

5. Give the early history of Ireland 8-74-75 

6. What troubles did Henry have with his sons ? 75-76 

7. Name the important events in the reign of Henry H 71-72-73-74-75-7 > 

8. Give an account of his troubles with France 75-76 

9. What did he accomplish for England ? 76 

10. How did Richard I. become king ? 77 

11. Give an account of Richard's crusade 77-78 

12. Of his return from Palestine to England 7S 

13. State the events of his reign connected with those of Philip's 77-78-79 

14. State, what you can further in relation to Richard 79 

15. State what you can of John before he became king 76-78-79 



THE PLANTAGENETS. 107 

PAGE 

16. Of the circumstances attending his accession to the throne 79-SO 

17. Of his difficulties with Philip of France 79-80-81-82 

18. Of his difficulties with the Church of Rome 80-81 

19. Of his contest connected with the Great Charter 81-82 

20. Of John's death ami character 82 

21. State all you can of the Earl of Pembroke 88 

22. Of Hubert de Burgh 88 

23. Of Henry's contests with Simon de Montford, Earl of Leicester 84-85 

24. Name in order the principal events in the reign of Henry III S3-S4-85-8^ 

25. When did the coronation of Edward I. occur ? 8G 

26. Give the previous history of Edward 84-85-86 

27. Give an account of the conquest of Wales 86-87 

2S. Of the persecution of the Jews in England 87 

29. Of Edward's contest with Scotland 87-88-89-90 

30. State what you can of Bahol 87-88-89 

31. Of William Wallace 89 

32. Of Robert Bruce 89-90-91-92-95 

33. Name the principal events in the reign of Edward 1 86 91-105 

34. State what you can of the character of Edward II 91-92-93-94 

35. Name the principal events in his reign 91-92-93-94-105 

36. Who was Edward III., and when was he crowned ? 94 

37. Give an account of Roger Mortimer 93-94-95 

38. Of Edward's contest with Philip of France 95-96 

39. State all you can of Philippa, Edward's wife 94-96 

40. Of the Black Prince 96-97-9S 

41. Name the principal events in the reign of Edward ni... 94-95-96-97-98-99-105 

42. Who was Richard II., and when did he become king ? 99 

43. Give an account of the Wat Tyler Insurrection 99-100 

44. Name the principal events in the reign of Richard II 99-100-101-105 

45. Narrate the closing events of his life 101 

46. State what you can of the origin of the House of Commons 85-89-102 

47. Of the trial by jury, its early history, etc 50-102 

48. Of serfdom or slavery in England 66-102-103 

49. Of the costume worn during the Plantagenet period 86-103 

50. Of the mode of living during the same period 103 

51. Of commerce during the same period S6-90 -91-99-103 

52. Of the progress in science 76-90-104 

53. Of the progress made in learning and the language 86-99-104 

54. Name the noted scientific and literary men of the period 90-99-101-104 

55. Give an account of Chaucer 99-101 

56. Of Roger Bacon, his knowledge and discoveries 90-104 

57. Name in chronological order the Plantagenet monarchs 105 

5S. What was the origin of Henry II. ? 63-64-65 

59. Give the names of his sons 75-77-106 

60. Of the state of society under the Plantagenets 102-104 



108 THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER A!NT> YORK. [1399. 



section iv. 
The Houses of Lancaster a^d York. 

Extending from the Accession of Henry IV (1399) to tJiat of Henry 

VII. (1485). 

1399 1. Henry IV., son of John of Gaunt, the fourth 
to son of Edward III., had been declared king by Par- 
1413 liament; but the rightful heir was Edmund Morti- 
mer, Earl of March, the great-grandson of Li'onel, the third 
son of Edward III. (see Genealogical Table). This prince, a 
child of seven years, was detained in custody at Windsor Cas- 
tle by Henry. A few months after the accession of the latter, 
a conspiracy was formed to restore Eichard to the throne; 
but it failed, and those concerned in it were executed 
(1400). This probably led to the murder of the deposed 
monarch. Henry, in order to protect the Church from the 
danger of heresy, caused severe laws to be passed against 
the Lollards ; and one of them (a clergyman) was con- 
demned and burnt at the stake (1401). This was the first 
English subject who was put to death on account of his 
religious opinions. 

2. Kepeated conspiracies formed a striking feature of 
this reign. The most formidable was that excited by the 
Earl of Northumberland and his son, Harry Percy, surnamed 
Hotspur, on account of his fiery temper. This young 
nobleman had acquired great fame, during the preceding 
reign, by his exploits in a skirmish with the Scots, at Ot- 
terbourn (1388), on which battle was founded the famous 
ballad of "Chevy Chase." The Percies had also greatly 
aided Henry in his efforts to obtain possession of the king- 
dom ; but afterward, quarrelling with him, they joined their 

1. Who was Henry IV.? Who was the rightful heir? Who was Edmund 
Mortimer? What conspiracy was formed ? The Lollards ? 

2. What formed a striking feature of this reign ? What conspiracy under Harry 
Percy ? How had Percy become famous? What was founded on this battle ? 



1413.] THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK. 109 

forces to those of the Scots under the Earl of Douglas, and 
to the Welsh under Owen Glendower, with the object of 
placing Mortimer on the throne. Richard Scrope, arch- 
bishop of York, was also engaged in the conspiracy. 

3. A terrific battle was fought near Shrewsbury (1403) ; 
but the rebels were defeated, and Percy, their brave leader, 
was slain. The king and his son took part in the battle, 
and signalized themselves by their feats of strength and 
daring. Some of the conspirators were taken prisoners and 
executed; but the Earl of Northumberland was pardoned. 
Two years afterward, the latter, with the archbishop of 
York and others, again rose in rebellion; but they were 
unsuccessful, and the archbishop, with some of the other 
conspirators, was executed (1405). This was the first 
instance in English history of the execution of an arch- 
bishop. Northumberland escaped into Scotland; but sub- 
sequently, invading England with a hostile force, he was 
defeated and slain. 

4. The other events of this reign are of little impor- 
tance. Henry IV. died in 1413, having lost many years 
previously the great popularity by means of which he 
had been enabled to obtain the crown. His reign was 
beneficial to England; for the Commons acquired a con- 
siderable increase of power, especially in connection with 
the granting of supplies for the support of the government. 
He was succeeded by his son Henry. 

I 413 5. Henry V., during his father's life, had been 
to noted for his riotous and disorderly conduct ; and 
1422 ^ad, on one occas i on? k een committed to prison by 
the chief-justice, whom he had insulted for •indicting one 
of his dissolute companions. On his accession, however, he 
dismissed his profligate associates, and thoroughly reformed 
his life, retaining in office the wise ministers of his father, 

3. Battle of Shrewsbury? Its results? Renewal of the rebellion? The result? 

4. Death of Henry IV. ? How was his reign beneficial ? His successor ? 

5. For what had Henry V. been noted? "What change took place on his ac- 
cession ? His course toward the Lollarde ? 



110 THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AXD YORK. [1422. 

including Gascoigne (gas'koin), the chief-justice by whom 
he had been so fearlessly punished. Among his first acts 
was the persecution of the Lollards, now a numerous 
party ; and their leader, Lord Cobhani, with many others, 
was condemned and executed. 

6. Henry next made an attack upon France, which he 
hoped to subdue ; because, during the lunacy of its king, 
Charles YL, it was distracted by disputes as to who should 
have the regency. Having taken Har'neur, after a long 
siege, he found his army so much reduced that he resolved 
to return to England. On his march to Calais, however, 
he was surprised by the French army at Agincourt, and 
was obliged to risk an engagement, although the enemy's 
forces were more than four times as numerous as his own. 
The result was very disastrous to the French, 10,000 of 
their army being slain, and 14,000 taken prisoners ; while 
the English are said to have lost only forty (1-415). Henry 
was not in a condition to take immediate advantage of this 
great victory, and, with his prisoners, proceeded to England, 
and concluded a truce with the enemy. 

7. Two years afterward, he again invaded France, and 
after some successes, made a treaty at Troyes (trwali) with 
the imbecile King Charles, according to which he was to 
marry Charles's daughter Catharine, to have the present 
administration of the French government, and on the 
death of Charles, to succeed to the throne (1420). The 
terms of this extraordinary treaty were fulfilled; and 
Henry, proclaimed regent of France, entered Paris in tri- 
umph. His glory was, however, of short duration; for 
being attacked by a fatal malady, he expired, in the thirty- 
fifth year of his age and the tenth of his reign, leaving the 
throne to his son Henry, then an infant less than one year 
old (1422). 

6. What led to the invasion of France ? Give an account of it. Battle of 
Asrincourt ? It? result ? 

7. What led to the treaty of Troyes? (Situation of Troyes? See map of 
France.) Terms of the treaty ? How fulfilled ? Death of Henry ? His suc- 
cessor? 



1453.] THE HOUSES OE LANCASTER AND YORK. Ill 

8. The premature death of Henry V. was a great loss to 
the kingdom ; for his abilities, both as a statesman and a 
soldier, were of a very high order; and though his am- 
bition was excessive, it was unalloyed with those vices by 
which this passion is so often stained. The personal ap- 
pearance and manners of the king were such as became his 
exalted character and station, and he excelled in all warlike 
and manly exercises. None of the princes of the house of 
Lancaster ventured to impose taxes without the consent 
of Parliament; and so far their imperfect title to the 
throne favored the progress of political freedom in Eng- 
land. 

1422 9. Henry VI. — At the commencement of this 
to reign, Parliament appointed the Duke of Bedford, 
1461 e ider brother of the late king, protector of Eng- 
land, upon whom was also conferred by Charles VI. the 
regency of Erance. The Erench king, however, died a 
few months afterward; and his son Charles, an energetic 
and popular prince, boldly asserted his claim to the throne, 
and was crowned at Poitiers. A war of many years en- 
sued, under the conduct of Bedford, who was not only an 
accomplished prince, but a most skilful general and states- 
man. In order to divert the power of Scotland from the 
support of Charles, the Scottish king, James I.,* who had 
been for several years a prisoner in England, was restored 
to the throne of his ancestors. 

10. After several campaigns, which though indecisive, 
had reduced Charles to very great distress, Bedford re- 
solved to invade the south of France ; and with this object, 
laid siege to Orleans, a city which was loyal to the French 

* This prince, in a voyage to France, whither he had been sent to save him from the wicked 
wiles of his uncle, the Duke of Albany, who had seized the government of Scotland, was taken 
by the English, ami was detained for nineteen years prisoner in England. He was treated 
kindly, educated with care; and during his captivity he wrote several beautiful poems. 



8. Loss occasioned by the death of Henry V. ? His character? Personal ap- 
pearance? The Lancastrian princes? 

9. Who was appointed protector ? What followed the death cf Charles VI. 
of France ? What is said of Bedford ? James I. of Scotland ? (See Note.) 

1 0. What led to the siege of Orleans ? Describe it. Who was Joan of Arc ? 



112 THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK. [1444, 

monarch. This siege was continued for many months, 
and the French had given up all hope of successfully 
repelling their assailants, when their deliverance was ef- 
fected by one of the most extraordinary occurrences 
recorded in history. Joan of Arc, a simple peasant girl, 
had been told of a prophecy to the effect that France 
could only be delivered from its enemies by a virgin; and 
the idea became impressed upon her mind that to herself 
had been divinely committed the task of effecting this 
great object. 

11. She soon induced others to believe in the truth of 
her mission, among them the king himself and his chief 
officers, and was admitted into Orleans, arrayed in armor, 
and provided with a train of attendants. Under her lead- 
ership the French seemed to be inspired with almost super- 
human courage; and the English, struck with terror, 
were soon obliged to raise the siege (1429). She next 
urged the king to march to Eheims {reemz), in order to 
assume the crown of his ancestors according to the accus- 
tomed rites; and this being triumphantly achieved, she 
demanded to be dismissed, considering her mission at an 
end. 

12. The French, however, selfishly detained her: and a 
short time afterward she fell into the power of the Eng- 
lish, who cruelly caused her to be burnt to death in the 
market-place of Rouen (roo'en), on a charge of sorcery and 
impiety (1431). But nothing was gained by this ruthless 
execution of the "Maid of Orleans." The Duke of Bed- 
ford died (1435), and Charles was enabled to re-enter his 
capital, after having been excluded from it for twenty 
years (1437). The English continued to suffer defeat, 
until finally this long war was interrupted by a truce 
which lasted six years (1444). 



11. How was the siege of Orleans raised ? What was then done by Joan of 
Arc ? 

li. Further history of the Maid of Orleans ? Of the English invasion ? 



1451.] THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK. 113 

13. Henry, on arriving at the age of majority, showed 
neither the capacity nor the disposition to take control of 
the government, which, since the death of Bedford, had 
been administered by the Duke of Gloucester, the king's 
uncle, and by Cardinal Beaufort, his guardian. Through 
the influence of the latter, the king married Margaret of 
Anjou, one of the most beautiful and accomplished prin- 
cesses of the age, and well suited by the masculine energy 
of her character to supply the defects and weaknesses of 
her husband (1444). By the terms of the marriage treaty 
Margaret's father, the Duke of Anjou, was to receive from 
the English king a large sum of money, and the cession 
of Maine and Anjou, provinces which had been conquered 
by the English at great cost of life and treasure. 

14. The protector Gloucester having "violently opposed 
this treaty, became an object of great dislike to Margaret, 
and through her contrivance was arrested on a charge of 
treason. Previous to the day appointed for his trial, he was 
found dead in his bed; and the Duke of Suffolk, a favorite 
of the queen's, was chosen his successor, as the king by his 
increased imbecility had become entirely unfit to adminis- 
ter the government. The Duke of York was succeeded as 
regent of France by another of Margaret's favorites, the 
Duke of Somerset, under whom the English lost all their 
French possessions except Calais (1451). 

15. The death of the virtuous Duke of Gloucester, 
generally styled by the people "the good duke Hum- 
phrey," together with the disgraceful losses of territory 
in France, caused intense popular indignation against the 
queen and her minister Suffolk. The latter was impeached 
by the Commons, and the king, to save his life, banished 
him from the kingdom; but on his passage to France, 

13. Character of the king ? Whom did he marry ? Her character 1 Terms of 
the marriage treaty ? 

14. Conduct of the queen toward Gloucester? His death? His successor? 
Who became resrent of France ? 

15. What made the queen and her minister unpopular? What happened to 
Suffolk ? What insurrection broke out ? 



114 THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK. [1460. 

he was seized by order of his enemies, and executed. The 
misconduct of the government also led to an insurrection 
of the lower orders, under a leader named Jack Cade; but 
it was scon put down, Cade being slain (1450). 

16. The total incapacity of the king, and the disorders 
which it occasioned in the government, induced many of 
the people to favor the claims of Richard, Duke of York, 
to the throne, in right of his descent from the third son of 
Edward III. Richard was a man of vigor and ability, 
and though greatly disliked by the queen, had obtained 
the appointment of Protector of the Realm, in opposition 
to his rival the Duke of Somerset, the favorite of the 
queen and her party. The latter, however, afterward 
triumphed, and Richard was compelled to resign his 
office. 

17. Richard and his adherents then raised an army, 
ostensibly for the redress of grievances; and in the battle 
of St. Albans defeated the royalists, and took the king 
prisoner (1455). This was the first conflict in that great 
civil war, styled the "War of the Roses" (from the badges 
worn by the respective parties, the Lancastrians wearing a 
red rose and the Yorkists a white rose), — a war which 
lasted thirty years, and was signalized by twelve pitched 
battles; which deluged England with blood, and in which 
the ancient nobility of the- kingdom were almost annihi- 
lated. 

18. The next year after the battle of St. Albans the king 
was restored to his authority; but the contest soon broke 
out with increased fury, and in the battle of Northampton 
(1460) the king was defeated and taken prisoner by the 
Earl of Warwick (commonly called, from subsequent events, 



1 6. Richard, Dnke of York.— his claim to the throne ? His character ? What 
office did he ohtain ? How displaced ? 

17. What led to the battle of St. Albans? What civil war was then com- 
menced? Its duration and consequences? The badges of the respective par- 
ties ? 

1 8. What events followed the battle of St. Albans? (Where is St. Albans?) 
What is said of the Earl of Warwick ? (See note.) 



1461.] THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK. 115 

the "king-maker").* After the battle of Northampton 
the Duke of York was proclaimed the lawful successor of 
Henry; and Edward, the son of Henry and Margaret, was 
excluded from the throne. The administration of the 
government was, meanwhile, to be committed to the Duke 
of York. 

19. The queen, however, fled to Scotland, and, with the 
aid of the northern barons, raised a large army, with which, 
in the battle of Wakefield, she defeated the Duke of York, 
who was taken prisoner and put to death with great igno- 
miny. By the order of Margaret his head was cut off and 
fixed on the gates of York, with a paper crown upon it, in 
derision of his claim to royalty. Other cruelties were per- 
petrated by the victorious Lancastrians. A few weeks after 
this, Margaret defeated the Earl of Warwick in the second 
battle of St. Albans, and thus regained possession of the 
king; but Edward, son of the late Duke of York, joining 
his forces with those of Warwick, compelled her to retreat, 
and triumphantly entering London, was proclaimed king, 
under the title of Edward IV. (1461). 

20. This virtually ended the reign of Henry VI., — a 
monarch who commenced life with the most splendid pros- 
pects, inheriting not only Mis father's extensive dominions 
in England and France, but the love and admiration with 
which the martial glory of that prince had inspired the 
English people. With an inoffensive disposition, and many 
virtues that might have adorned a private station, his unfit- 
ness for the exercise of regal sway, especially in so stormy a 
period, plunged the nation into a civil war, during the prog- 
ress of which he became the mere sport of fortune, tossed 

* RicTiard NeviUe, Earl of Warwick, was the most powerful of England's feudal barons. His 
vassals formed a vast army; and so numerous were his retainers, that he is said to have feasted 
daily, at his various manors and castles, upward of 30,000 persons, while the whole population 
of the kingdom is estimated to have been at that time only about two and a half millions. 
Warwick was the Duke of York's brother-in-law. 



19. What did the queen do? Battle of Wakefield? (Where is Wakefield?) 
What followed it ? Where was Warwick defeated ? How did Edward IV. become 
king ? 

20. What is said of Henry VI. ? His character ? Of what was he the founder 2 



116 THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AXD YORK. [1464. 

to and fro by the contending parties. As the founder of 
Eton College, and of King's College* at Cambridge, he has, 
however, left some claim to the respect and gratitude of 
posterity. 

1461 21. Edward IV. — Young Edward had acquired 
to the throne chiefly through the exertions of Warwick, 
X4§3 ailc [ hig character and talents were such as enabled 
him to retain it. He was bold, active, and enterprising, and 
pursued his enemies with the most unrelenting vengeance. 
Queen Margaret was, however, not entirely subdued. She 
succeeded in collecting an army of 60,000 men in the 
northern counties, with which she encountered the forces 
of Edward and Warwick, in the terrific battle of Tow'ton ; 
but was totally defeated, nearly one-half of her entire army 
being slain, either in the battle or the pursuit, Edward 
having issued orders that no quarter should be given (1461). 

22. Margaret having fled with her husband into Scot- 
land, Edward returned to London ; and a parliament being 
summoned, his title to the throne was solemnly recognized 
and confirmed. Three years afterward, Margaret made 
another effort to recover her lost kingdom, with a small 
army obtained from Louis XL of France; but she was 
defeated in two battles, and with great difficulty succeeded 
in making her escape (1464). Henry, after remaining con- 
cealed for a year, was at last discovered, and being delivered 
into the power of Edward, was imprisoned in the Tower. 

23. Edward's vices, however, and his marriage with 
Elizabeth Gray, a Lancastrian knight's widow, upon whose 
relatives the infatuated monarch showered all his favors, 
so disgusted the brave and high-spirited Warwick, that he 

* The chapel of Kind's College is a very beautiful specimen of Gothic architecture. — so beau- 
tiful, indeed, that it is said Sir Christopher Wren, the renowned architect, went once every year 
to contemplate it. It presents the appearance of beinj; cut out of a solid mass of stone, so ex- 
quisite is the harmony and finish of the work. 



21. What was the character of Edward? What did Queen Margaret do? 
Battle of Towton '? (Where is Towton ! I 

22. Whither did the queen flee ? What was done by Parliament ? What other 
effort was made by Margaret i Its result i What became of Henry VI. I 

23. What offended Warwick ? What did he accomplish 1 



1482.] THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK. 117 

deserted the cause of Edward, and formed an alliance with 
Margaret. After obtaining a supply of men and money 
from the king of France, he landed at Dartmouth ; and 
so popular was the earl, that in a few days he collected an 
army of 60,000 men, and having compelled Edward to flee, 
took the imprisoned Henry from the Tower and proclaimed 
him king. This act was ratified by Parliament, and the 
regency was intrusted to Warwick and his son-in-law, the 
Duke of Clarence, brother to Edward IV. (1471). 

24. Disaster soon followed this great victory; for Ed- 
ward landing in England with a small force, was soon 
joined by an immense army; and regaining possession of 
London, he once more made the hapless Henry a prisoner, 
and marched against Warwick, who had taken a position 
at Bar'net, in the neighborhood of London. The king- 
maker, deserted by his son-in-law, the Duke of Clarence, 
who, with a considerable force, went over to the Yorkists, 
was defeated and slain, fighting on foot and in the thickest 
of the engagement (1471). 

25. On the same day Margaret landed in England with 
her son Edward, and advanced into the country, increasing 
her army as she proceeded. At Tewks'bury, however, she 
was overtaken by Edward; and her army being entirely 
defeated, she and her son were made prisoners. The young 
prince was cruelly put to death by the Dukes of Clarence 
and Gloster, brothers of the king; and Margaret herself 
was imprisoned in the Tower.- A few days after the battle, 
Henry expired in the Tower, according to general belief, 
by the murderous hand of the wicked and cruel Duke of 
Gloster. Queen Margaret afterward found a refuge in 
France, where she died (1482). 

26. All the hopes of the Lancastrians were now extin- 

24. What led to the battle of Barnet? (Where is Barnet?) What was the 
result ? 

25. The battle of Tewksbnry? (Where is Tewksbury ?) Its result? Who was 
put to death ? Death of Henry VI. ? Of Marsraret ? 

26. What was the conduct of Edward? Execution of Clarence? By whom 
instigated ? Death of Edward ? 






118 THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AXD YORK. [1483. 

guished ; and Edward, being secure on the throne, gave 
himself up to every species of vice and debauchery. He 
caused his brother, the Duke of Clarence, to be put to 
death on a charge of treason, being probably instigated to 
this crime by his younger brother Eichard, Duke of Glos- 
ter, — a prince noted for his designing character and unre- 
lenting ambition. Edward was about to engage in a war 
with France, when he was seized with a distemper, of which 
he died (1483). 

27. During this reign, the art of printing was introduced 
into England by William Caxton, who, after having acquired 
a practical knowledge of the art in Holland and Germany, 
returned to his own country and set up a printing-press at 
Westminster. The first book printed in England by him 
was one entitled " Tlie Game and Playe of Cliesse" (1474). 
The types used by him were such as were employed in 
Germany; and all English books continued to be printed 
in such letters (called Mack-letter) until the reign of 
James I., when they were superseded by the Eoman char- 
acters. King Edward greatly encouraged trade and manu- 
factures, particularly in wool. The Feudal System, by the 
destruction of the ancient nobility, during the War of the 
Roses, almost entirely disappeared. 

28. Edward V., the eldest son of the late king, a youth 
of twelve years, was proclaimed king; and his uncle Eich- 
ard, Duke of Gloster, was appointed Protector. This artful 
and wicked prince, obtaining. possession of the voting king 
and his brother, the Duke of York, placed them in the 
Tower, and caused Lord Eivers, their maternal uncle, and 
Lord Hastings, with several other distinguished persons, 
to be executed on a charge of treason. He then gave out 
that the young princes were illegitimate; and contrived 
that some of his friends should publicly solicit him to take 

27. Art of printing? William Caxton? First printed book? Black-letter? 
Trade ? The feudal system ? 

28. Who was proclaimed king ? Who made Protector? What wicked deed did 
Richard perpetrate? Uow did he obtain the crown? 



1483.] TIIE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK. 119 

the crown, which, with pretended reluctance, he accepted, 
and was proclaimed king, under the title of Richard III. 
(1483). 

29. Richard III. — The first act of this wicked usurper 
was to destroy the two young princes, who are supposed to 
have been smothered in their beds, in the Tower, by his 
orders. The Duke of Buckingham, through whose assist- 
ance he had gained the object of his ambition, was loaded 
with honors; but he soon became disgusted with the 
tyranny of Richard, and entered into a conspiracy to de- 
throne him and place Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, on 
the throne. This prince was a Lancastrian, being descended, 
on his mother's side, from John of Gaunt ; on his father's 
he was grandson of Sir Owen Tudor, who had married 
Catharine, the widow of Henry V. 

30. Buckingham took up arms in Wales, with the ex- 
pectation that his accomplices would raise an insurrection 
in other parts of the kingdom; but in this being disap- 
pointed, he was deserted by his followers, and obliged to 
conceal himself for safety. He was, however, soon dis- 
covered ; and being brought to the king, was immediately 
beheaded (1483). Richard, everywhere triumphant over 
his enemies, summoned a parliament, and obtained from 
it a recognition of his title. In order still further to 
strengthen it, he resolved to espouse Elizabeth, daughter 
of Edward IV.; to accomplish which, he caused his con- 
sort, Anne, to be poisoned. This unfortunate princess 
was the second daughter of the great Earl of Warwick, and 
had been married to Margaret's son, the hapless Edward, 
whom Richard had slain at Tewksbury. 

31. These abominable crimes excited universal detesta- 
tion against the usurper; and Henry, Earl of Richmond, 



29. His first act as king? Duke of Buckingham ? Henry Tudor? 

30. What befell Buckingham? What was next done by Richard? Queen 
Anne ? 

3 1 . Effect of Richard's crimes ? What led to the battle of Bosworth ? (Where 
is Bosworth ?) Its result ? Who was crowned king '? By whom ? 



120 THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AXD YORK. [1485. 

being invited into the kingdom, sailed from Normandy, 
and landed at Milford Haven with a small force. Ee-en- 
forcements nocked to him from all parts, as he advanced 
toward Shrewsbury; and at Bosworth he Avas opposed 
by Eichard, at the head of forces double in number those 
of his own. A fierce battle ensued ; but Eichard, being 
deserted by Lord Stanley and a large part of his army, 
was defeated and slain while fighting desperately in the 
conflict. The Earl of Eichmond was crowned king on the 
battlefield, with the title of He:n t ry VII., by Sir William 
Stanley, brother of Lord Stanley (1485). 

32. The body of Eichard was buried at Leicester; but, 
at the destruction of the monasteries in the. reign of 
Henry VIII., it was exhumed, and the stone coffin in 
which it had been interred was long used as a horse-trough 
at an inn in that town. Eichard was brave and saga- 
cious; and had he been the rightful occupant of the 
throne, there is reason to think he would have adorned it 
by great and worthy deeds. His ruling passion, ambition, 
was boundless; and he stopped at no crime that seemed 
necessary to secure its gratification. It must, however, be 
borne in mind that his character has been drawn by his- 
torians who wrote in the interests and praise of the Tudors; 
and that, therefore, his acts have been represented in the 
worst possible light. The stories told of the deformity of 
his person, and which the genius of Shakspeare has served 
to strengthen and preserve, are doubtless gross exaggera- 
tions. He was a patron of learning, bestowing many 
benefactions on the universities, and affording encourage- 
ment to the newly-invented art of printing. He also 
sought to protect the interests of English merchants in 
foreign countries, by appointing consuls, and established 
postal facilities by the appointment of couriers for the 
speedy transmission of news. 

32. Where was Richard buried? When exhumed ? Hi? coffin ? What is said 
of his character? What should be borne in mind ? What did he encourage ? 



THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK. 121 



State of Society under the Houses of Lancas- 
ter and York. 

33. This period was characterized by civil commotions, 
the result of which was to introduce great changes in the 
political and social character of the nation. One of the 
most important of these was the extinction of villanage, or 
serfdom. The nobles being obliged to arm their serfs in the 
"Wars of the Roses," could never thereafter compel them 
to return to a state of servitude. Besides, the ancient no- 
bility having nearly all perished in these long wars, feudal- 
ism was destroyed, and a sounder and more liberal system 
took its place. 

34. In other respects, these wars suspended for a time the 
march of improvement. Agriculture was necessarily very 
much neglected; and consequently widespread famine was 
a frequent calamity, the lower classes being sometimes 
obliged to live upon roots and herbs. Large tracts of land 
which had been carefully tilled were converted into pastur- 
age for sheep, in order that the grain of foreign countries 
might be purchased with the wool thus obtained. Hence 
it has been remarked, that the Wars of the Roses did not 
check the commercial prosperity of the country. Many of 
the merchants amassed great wealth, and were thus enabled, 
by large loans, to relieve the necessities of their sovereign. 
To this period belongs the famous Whittington, who was 
"thrice Lord Mayor of London,"* and who, according -to 
the story, commenced his fortunate career with the posses- 
sion of only a cat. 

35. The most prominent innovation in manufactures was 
the introduction of silk-making ; and in 1455 a statute 

* During the reign of Henry V. 



3 3 . How was this period characterized ? The result ? What was extinguished ? 
In what way ? 

34. Agriculture? Commerce? The wealth of merchants ? Whittington 

35. Silk-making? The fisheries? 



J 22 THE HOUSES OE LANCASTER AND YOItK. 

was passed to protect those engaged in it from the destructive 
competition of the Lombard merchants, by checking their 
importations. The fisheries, also, commenced to receive a 
very large share of attention. On the eastern coast, the 
herring-fisheries became exceedingly valuable ; and at 
Yarmouth an annual fair was held for trade in this fish, 
which attracted ships from many ports of Europe. 

36. Science received some additions, being cultivated at 
the schools especially established in the two universities for f 
the various departments, such as astronomy, chemistry or 
alchemy, mathematics, etc. The methods and objects of 
research were, however, very fanciful. Thus, the alchemist 
expended all his energies in searching for the Fhilosoplier's 
Stone — a substance that would transmute into gold all the 
other metals; the physician, instead of carefully observing 
the phenomena connected with diseases, and by means of 
careful experiment discovering remedies for them, spent all 
his time in trying to find the Elixir of Life — a universal 
remedy. These fanciful notions, however, prompted to 
experiment and observation, and thus led to the discovery |fl 
of useful scientific knowledge. 

37. The great event of this period was the introduction 
of printing. By means of it the printed black-letter vol- 
ume took the place of the expensive manuscript; and thus 
books became much cheaper, and learning more widely 
diffused. New schools and colleges sprang into existence; 
and the education of the scholar began to assume some de- 
gree of respectability, when contrasted with the training of 
the knight or the soldier. This also led to a greater degree 
of refinement in the language, which gradually approached 
the character of modern English. The want of a standard 
of orthography, however, greatly retarded its progress. No 
two authors spelled alike; and an author often spelled the 
same word differently on the same page. 

36. Science ? The principal objects of research ? To what did this lead ? 

37. Printing? Effects oi' its introduction ? Orthography? 

5* 



THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AXD YORK. 123 

38. Dramatic performances began to be of a more regu- 
lar character. They were acted chiefly by the clergy, being 
designed to teach the lower classes the Bible history; and 
hence such subjects were chosen as The Creation, — The 
Flood, — The Birth of Christ, etc. These were called Mys- 
teries, or Miracle Plays. They were succeeded, in the reign 
of Henry VI., by the Moral Plays, the obje*ct of which was to 
impress upon the minds of the spectators the excellence of 
virtue, by means of the representation of ingenious allego- 
ries. The performers in these plays were laymen, and per- 
sonated Mercy, Truth, Justice, etc. 

39. Architecture was not encouraged as much as during 
the preceding period; but many changes in the mode of 
building houses were introduced. The feudal castles being 
swept away in the storm of war, large manor-houses of 
wood took their places. These were decorated with much 
carving and painting, and the rooms were adorned with 
tapestry. The furniture was, however, still scanty, and of 
clumsy form, although considerably improved. The bed 
furniture appears to have been comparatively luxurious. 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1399. Henry IV. Reigned 14 years. 

1403. Battle of Shrewsbury. Percy defeated and slain. 

1413. Henry V. Reigned 9 years. 

1415. Battle of Agincourt. 

1420. Treaty of Troyes. 

1422. Henry VI. Reigned 39 years. 

1429. Siege of Orleans raised. 

1431. Joan of Arc burnt at Rouen. 

1435. Death of the Duke of Bedford. 

1444. Truce concluded with the French. Marriage of Heniy and 

Margaret of Anjou. 
1451. The English possessions in France lost, except Calais. 

38. Dramatic performances ? The Miracle Plays ? The Moral Plays ? 

39. Architecture ? What, took the place of the feudal castle? The furniture? 



124 



THE LANCASTRIAN AND YORK FAMILIES. 



1455. First battle of St. Albans. Henry taken prisoner. 

1460. Battle of Northampton. • Lancastrians defeated. 

1461. Battle of Wakefield. Yorkists defeated. 

Second Battle of St. Albans. Earl of Warwick defeated. 

1481. Edward IV. Reigned 22 years. 

" Battle of Towton. Margaret defeated. 
1464. Margaret again defeated. Henry imprisoned in the Tower. 
1471. Flight of Edward IY. Hemy again proclaimed king. 

" Battle of Barnet. Warwick defeated and slain. 
1474. First book printed in England by Caxton. 

1482. Death of Queen Margaret in France. 

1483. Edward V. Reigned 74 days. 
1483. Richard in. Reigned 2 years. 

1485. Battle of Bosworth. Richard defeated and slain. 



i 



GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE LANCASTRIAN AND 
YORK FAMILIES. 

Edward III. 



Lionel (Duke of Clarence). John of Gaunt (Duke of Lancaster). 



Philippa 
(Married to Edmund Mortimer, Earl 
of March). 

I 
Roger Mortimer. 



Edward Mortimer. 
(Diedl42L) 



Henry IV. John Beaufort 
(Earl of Somerset). 

Henry V. John Beaufort 

(Duke of Somerset). 

I I 

Henry VI. Margaret Beaufort. 



Anne 
Richard (Duke of York). 



Henry Tudor, 

(afterward) 
Henry VII. 



Edward IV. 



Richard III. Grorge 

(Duke of Clarence). 



Edward V. 



Elizabeth. 



Margaret Beaufort 

(Great-grandaughter of 

John of Gaunt). 



married to Edmund Tudor 

(Earl of Richmond, 
son of Owen Tudor by 
Catherine, widow of Henry V.) 



Henry VII. 



THE HOUSES OF LANCASTER AND YORK. 125 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. Who was Henry IV., and how did he become king ? 101-108 

2. Who was Edmund Mortimer, and what can you state of him ? 108-109 

3. What conspiracies were formed against Henry IV, ? 108-109 

4. Give an account of the one in which the Percies were engaged 108-109 

5. Now name in chronological order the principal events in the reign of 

Henry IV 108-109 

6. When and by whom was he succeeded on the throne ? 109 

7. State what you can of the previous life and acts of Henry V 109 

8. What account can you give of the Lollards ? 108-110 

9. Of the contest between Henry V. and Charles VI., of France ? 110 

10. Of the closing events in Henry's career? 110-111 

11. Of his character, abilities, and manners ? 109-110-111 

12. When and by whom was he succeeded on the throne ? Ill 

13. Give an account of the Duke of Bedford 111-112 

14. Give the full account of Joan of Arc — . . 112 

15. How did the English lose Aujou and other French possessions during 

the reign of Henry VI. ? 113 

16. Give the events which led to the " War of the Roses. 1 ' 113-114 

47. Name the principal events of that war during Henry's reign 114-115 

18. Who was Edward IV., and how did he become king ? 115-116 

19. What important part did the Earl of Warwick take ? 115-116-117 

20. What by the Duke of Clarence, brother to Edward IV. ? 117 

21. Give a connected account of the career of Queen Margaret 113-115-116-117 

22. Give the leading facts in the life of Henry VI 111—117 

23. Give the leading facts in the life of Edward IV 115-116-117-118 

24. Give the facts in regard to Edward V 118-119 

25. Who was Richard III., and how did he acquire the throne ? 1 18-119 

26. Relate the events of his reign 119-120 

27. State what you can of his character and personal appearance 120 

28. Name, in chronological order, the kings of the houses of Lancaster 

and York, giving the leading events in the reign of each 123-124 

29. Name each, with the name of his father , 108 119-124 

30. Name those who died natural deaths 108-120 

81. State how each of the others died 108 120 

32. Give an account of agriculture during the period 121 

33. Of silk-making 121-122 

31. Of the advance made in science 122 

35. Of the art of priuting, and books 118-120-122 

36. Of schools, colleges, and universities 116, note, p. 116-120-122 

37. Of the condition and improvement of the language 122 

3S. Of dramatic performances and plays 123 

39. Of architecture and house furniture 123 

40. Of the destruction of the Feudal System 118-121 

41. Now give a general view of the state of society during the Lancastrian 

and York period 108 123 



126 THE TCDOK FAMILY. [A.». 148S. 



PART III. 

MODERN ENGLAND. 



section i. 
The Tudor Family. 



Extending from the Accession of Henry VII (1485) to that of James I. 

(1603). 

14§5 — Ete nr Y VII. — The decisive victory which 
to Henry had gained at Bosworth gave him the 
1«>09 throne, but he had no legal title to it. He was, 
however, prudent and vigorous ; and as he foresaw that he 
would liave many difficulties to contend with in conse- 
quence of the popularity of the house of York, he deter- 
mined to show all opponents that nothing but successful 
war would avail to dethrone him. His first acts showed 
much partisan jealousy and hatred. The young Earl of 
Warwick, son of the Duke of Clarence, and grandson of 
the " King-maker," he caused to be kept securely in the 
Tower ; and though he had promised to marry the princess 
Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., he delayed the nuptials 
for some months, greatly to the dissatisfaction of the na- 
tion, eager by this union to remove all occasion for civil 
dissensions. 

2. A rumor having spread among the people that the 
Earl of Warwick had escaped from the Tower and was ly- 
ing concealed in some part of England, a priest of Oxford, 
named Simon, brought forward a handsome youth, whose 

1. What policy did Henry VII. adopt? How did he show partisan rancor ? 

2. What impostor was brought forward? By whom was he supported ? 



PROGRESSIVE MAP N?6. 




* 



A.». 1487.] THE TUDOR FAMILY. 127 

real name was Lambert Simnel, but who had been trained 
by Simon to personate the young earl. He took him to 
Ireland, where the people received him with joy, and pro- 
claimed him king, under the title of Edward VI. ; and 
although the king, in order to prevent the insurrection 
from spreading in England, exhibited the real earl of 
Warwick in public, the impostor still retained his adhe- 
rents in Ireland. He also received from the duchess of 
Burgundy, sister of Edward IV., the aid of two thousand 
veteran soldiers from Germany (1487). 

3. The cause of Simnel was likewise supported by John, 
Earl of Lincoln,, nephew of Edward IV., under whose lead- 
ership the insurgents landed in England ; but having ad- 
vanced as far as Stoke, were met by an army under Henry 
and entirely defeated, Lincoln being slain in the battle. 
Simnel was taken prisoner, and being too contemptible to 
excite the resentment of the king, was pardoned, and made 
a scullion in the royal kitchen. Simon, being a priest, 
was punished only by imprisonment (1487). 

4. Five years afterward, a more formidable attempt was 
made by the enemies of the king to raise a pretender to 
the throne, by counterfeiting Richard, Duke of York, the 
younger of the two sons of Edward IV., who were gener- 
ally believed to have been murdered in the Tower. The 
person selected for this purpose was a young man named 
Perkin Warbeck, the son of a Flemish merchant, of comely 
appeafance, graceful and courtly address, and sprightly in- 
telligence in conversation. He first assumed the name of 
Richard Plantagenet in Ireland, and many partisans of the 
York family at once flocked to his standard. 

5. Charles, king of France, being engaged in war with 



3. What was done by the insurgents ? How were they defeated? What was 
done with Simnel and Simon? 

4.. What other pretender came forward ? Who was Perkin Warbeck ? When 
did he first assume the name of Plantagenet ? 

5. What course was taken by Charles, king of France? By the duchoss of 
Burgundy? The effect of this ? 



128 THE TUDOR FAMILY. [A. ». 1497. 

England, invited him to Paris, and treated him with all the 
respect due to the prince whom he personated ; but having 
made peace with Henry, he dismissed him from the French 
court. The adventurer then proceeded to the D-uchess of 
Burgundy, by whom he was most cordially welcomed and 
acknowledged, receiving from her the appellation of the 
White Rose of England (1493). These circumstances in- 
duced very many persons in England to believe that War- 
beck was actually the Duke of York. 

6. Henry, on this account,- endeavored to obtain positive 
evidence of the murder of the duke and his brother ; but 
in this he was unsuccessful, since the remains of the 
princes had been removed by Richard, and therefore could 
not be found.* Several of Warbeck's adherents in Eng- 
land were executed for treason, among them Sir Williain 
Stanley, who had crowned Henry at Bosworth, after hav- 
ing saved his life in the battle ; the only crime of this 
nobleman being that he had said privately that, if he were 
sure the young man was really King Edward's son, he 
would never bear arms against him (1495). 

7. After making a fruitless attempt to raise an insurrec- 
tion in Ireland, Perkin proceeded to Scotland, where he 
was acknowledged by the king, James IV., who gave him 
the noble lady Catherine Gordon in marriage, and made 
an invasion of England on his account. The people, how- 
ever, refused to receive the pretender ; and, after making 
another unsuccessful attempt in Cornwall, Perkin* gave 
himself up, and was imprisoned in the Tower (1497). 
There he became acquainted with the Earl of Warwick, 
and arranged with him a plan of escape ; but the plot was 
discovered, and botli, were executed — Perkin being hanged 

* In 1674. during some repairs, the bones of two youths were discovered under a staircase in 
the White Tower, and were interred in Westminster Abbey by order of Charles II., being be- 
lieved to be the remains of Edward V. and his brother. 



(i. Whnt was done by Henry ? Who were executed ? Crime of Stanley ? 
7. Further account of War'beck? What led to his execution '! Who was also 
executed ? Last of the Planta<rcncts ? 



A. D. 1497.] THE TUDOR FAMILY. 129 

at Tyburn, and the unfortunate prince beheaded on Tower 
Hill. By this act of cruelty Henry destroyed the last male 
descendant of the Plantagenets (1499). 

8. Henry was a prudent monarch, and very much averse 
to war, principally because it prevented the gratification 
of his ruling passion, avarice. In order to increase his 
hoards, he resorted to the most unjust and tyrannical ex- 
actions ; and two lawyers, named Empson and Dudley, 
gained an infamous notoriety by acting as instruments of 
his rapacity. His treasures amounted at --his death to 
almost two millions sterling — an enormous sum at that 
period. He died after a reign of twenty-four years, and was 
succeeded by his second son, Henry (1509), his eldest son, 
Arthur, having died some years before. 

9. This reign was fortunate for the people of England; 
for the civil commotions which threatened the peace of the 
country being repressed by Henry's wise and vigorous ad- 
ministration, general prosperity prevailed, commerce and 
manufactures were promoted, and the arts of peace flour- 
ished. He commissioned John and Sebastian Cabot, Vene- 
tians settled in Bristol, by whom the mainland of North 
America was first reached (1497), the year before that of 
South America was discovered by Columbus.* Henry also 
showed his interest in maritime affairs by causing a very 
large vessel, called the " Great Harry," to be built for 
naval purposes. This may be considered the foundation 
of the English navy, since the government previous to this 
time only used such merchant ships as could be hired or 
forcibly taken for its service. 



* It is said that Henry was prevented by an accident from participating in the honor con- 
nected with the discovery of America. Columbus, discouraged by the many repulses with 
which lie met at other Courts, sent Bartholomew to England to solicit aid ; but before this 
could be obtained, (Jolumbus received assistance from Queen Isabella of Spain, and accom- 
pl shed the enterprise. 



8. Ruling passion of Henry? How grati-fied ? Instruments of his exactions ? 
Amount of his hoards ? His death ? 

9. Why was this reign fortunate? The Cahots? The " Great Harry?" What 
was this the commencement of? 



130 THE TUDOE FAMILY. [A. D. 1513. 

1509 ^* ^ enr y VIII. — The accession of this king 
to was hailed by the people with great rejoicing. His 
father had, long before his death, lost to a considerable 
extent their respect and affection ; but the young prince, 
now in his eighteenth year, was remarkable for personal 
beauty, affability and ease of address, and both mental 
and bodily accomplishments. Soon after his accession, he 
married Catharine of Aragon, his brother Arthur's widow, 
to whom he had been betrothed since his eleventh year. 
One of his first acts was to redress the grievances of those 
who had suffered from the unjust exactions of the late 
king; and Empson and Dudley were tried, convicted, and 
executed. 

11. Desirous of military glory, he entered into an alliance 
with the Pope, Spain, and Venice, against Louis XII. of 
France; but in the first campaign the English army, under 
the Marquis of Dorset, was unsuccessful (1511). Henry 
then determined to invade the French territories with an 
overwhelming force. He landed at Calais with an army of 
nearly 50,000 men, and was joined by the Emperor of Ger- 
many, Maximilian, who, enlisting in his army, assumed the 
cross of St. George, and received the usual pay of a captain. 
The English forces having advanced a short distance, were 
met by the French cavalry; but the latter, at the sight 
of the enemy, were seized with a singular panic, and dis- 
gracefully fled. In the pursuit many officers of distinction 
were made prisoners (1513). This affair was called, in 
derision, the " Battle of the Spurs." 

12. Instead of improving this victory by marching on 
Paris, Henry allowed himself to be delayed by the siege 
of some inconsiderable towns, and soon afterward returned 



10. The accession of Henry VIII. ? His character? His marriage ? His first 
act? 

11. What expeditions were undertaken against France ? What led to the 
''Battle of the Spurs?" 

12. Did Henry take advantage of this victory? Battle of Flodden Field ? Its 
consequences ? 



A.B. 1519.1 TIIE TUDOR FAMILY. 131 

to England. In the mean time, the Scots, who had formed 
an alliance with Louis, invaded England with a large 
army, under their king, James ; but at Flodden Field were 
met by an English force inferior in numbers, under the 
Earl of Surrey. The battle was long and desperate, and 
resulted in the defeat of the Scots, 5,000 of whom, includ- 
ing their king and the flower of the Scottish nobility, were 
left dead on the field (1513). 

13. Henry's favorite minister at this time was Thomas 
Wolsey (wcol'ze), who, from a very humble origin, had ad- 
vanced successively to the highest honors. With varied and 
extensive learning, a genius for statesmanship, and all the 
wit and gayety necessary in an accomplished courtier, he 
soon gained an unbounded influence over the young 
English monarch ; and in his magnificent equipage and 
gorgeous attire he outshone even the king himself. From 
being bishop of Lincoln, he was made archbishop of York, 
and subsequently appointed by the Pope a cardinal (1515). 
Foreign princes sued for the favor and courted the smiles 
of this haughty minister and prelate ; but he was careful, 
by pretending a complete submission to the will of his own 
sovereign, to conceal the extraordinary influence which he 
had acquired over him. 

14. On the death of the Emperor Maximilian, Henry was 
tempted to make some effort to obtain the vacant throne 
of Germany, but found that the votes of the electors were 
engaged either to Francis, king of France, or Charles of 
Spain. The latter was ultimately successful, and thus be- 
came the greatest potentate of Europe ; since not only Spain 
and Germany, but the Netherlands, a part of Italy, and 
the recently-discovered regions of the New World, yielded 
obedience to his sway (1519). Francis retired from the con- 



13. Who was Thomas Wolsey ? His character ? What offices were given him ? 
His influence ? 

14. What followed the death of the Emperor Maximilian ? Who was elected to 
succeed him ? Dominions of Charles ? Feelings and conduct of Francis ? 

6 



132 THE TUDOR FAMILY. [A. I>. 1522. 

test, filled with chagrin and disappointment ; and in order to 
strengthen himself against the power of his great rival, 
planned an alliance with the English king (1520). 

15. Tor the purpose of effecting this, the two kings met at 
a place near Calais ; and a fortnight was passed in the inter- 
view, the whole time being spent in tournaments and other 
entertainments of the most magnificent character (1520). 
So gorgeous was the display on both sides, under the man- 
agement of Wolsey, that the place of meeting was called the 
"Field of the Cloth of Gold/' The treaty which was made 
was, however, soon broken; for Charles had artfully gained 
over Cardinal Wolsey to his interests by promising his 
influence to secure for the ambitious minister the papal 
throne on the death of the reigning pontiff (Leo X.). 

16. Martin Luther having caused great excitement in 
Europe by the promulgation of his doctrines, Henry, 
who had been carefully educated in the faith of the 
Catholic church, wrote a treatise in defence of it, and 
dedicated it to the Pope, who, as a recompense, conferred 
on the royal author the title of "Defender of the Faith" 
(1521). This was one of the last acts of the pontificate 
of Leo X., his death occurring before the close of the 
year. He was succeeded by Adrian VI., greatly to the 
disappointment of Wolsey. The cardinal, however, was 
soothed by renewed promises on the part of the emperor, 
who paid a visit to England in order to confirm the 
friendship of Henry and his haughty minister (1522). 

17. In pursuance of the agreement made with Charles, war 
was waged with France, but no success attended the English 
arms; and the king was embarrassed by the want of funds, 
Parliament refusing to comply with his demands, in spite of 
the most strenuous efforts on the part of Wolsey to induce 

15. Account of the meeting of Henry and Francis? "Field of the Cloth of 
Gold V Why was the treaty broken ? 

16. What title was conferred on Henry by the Pope ? Why ? How was Wolsey 
disappointed? 

17. Result of the French war? Second disappointment of Wolsey? What 
change of policy did it cause? 



A. I>. 1526.] THE TUDOR FAMILY. 133 

them to vote the sums asked for. The cardinal soon after 
experienced a second disappointment in the election of Cle- 
ment VII. to fill the papal chair on the decease of Adrian; 
and as this was effected by the emperor's influence, Wolsey, 
seeing his insincerity, determined to prepare the way for a 
union between his master and the French king (1523). 

18. The war with France was, however, continued for some 
time ; until, Francis having been defeated and taken prisoner 
by the imperial army in the battle of Pavia* (1525), Henry 
entered into a treaty of alliance with the regent, Francis's 
mother, and engaged, in consideration of receiving a very 
large sum of money, to assist in procuring the liberation of the 
French monarch. This was soon afterward effected (1526) ; 
and Rome having been sacked by the brutal soldiers of the 
emperor, and the Pope made a captive, Henry and Francis 
entered into a league to restore him to liberty. 

19. About this time, the king, captivated by the charms 
of Anne Boleyn (an ~bul'eri), a maid of honor to the queen, 
began to consider in what way he could obtain a separa- 
tion from his wife Catharine. Professing to have con- 
scientious scruples with regard to the lawfulness of his 
marriage with his brother's widow, f he applied to Pope 
Clement to grant a divorce from her; and as the latter, 
being a prisoner, expected to receive aid from Henry, he 
at first rendered a somewhat favorable answer, and com- 
missioned a legate to investigate, in connection with "Wol- 
sey, the validity of the king's marriage. After the trial 
had continued some months, during which the king and 
queen appeared before the court of the two commissioners, 



* A city in the northern part of Italy, noted as the ancient capital of the Lombard kings. 

+ The royal couple had lived together for sixteen years: but to Henry's disappointment, their 
only living child was the princess Mary; and when a marriage between her and the Dauphin of 
France was proposed, the French ambassador expressed a doubt of the validity of her parents' 
marriage. The States of Castile had also opposed the emperor Charles's espousal with Mary 
on the same grounds. These events, however, occurred some years before the period referred 
to in the text. 

18. How long was the war with France continued? What led to a league 
between Henry and Francis ? 

19. VVhv did Henry desire a divorce from his qneen ? What course did he pur- 
fcue? Kesulf of the trial? 



134 THE TUDOR FAMILY. [A. D. 1530. 

it was broken off suddenly, and the case remanded to 
Borne, before the Pope in person, lie haying now recovered 
his liberty. 

20. This greatly exasperated the king, who immediately 
directed his indignation against Wolsey as the cause of his 
disappointment. The cardinal was deprived of his office 
as chancellor, the great seal being bestowed upon Sir 
Thomas More, a man not only of eminent virtue and 
capacity, but greatly distinguished for his attainments in 
science and literature. Wolsey's splendid palace was 
seized by the king, and with the title of Whitehall, be- 
came afterward famous as the residence of the kings of 
England. The fallen minister was ordered to betake him- 
self to his country residence near Hampton Court, and 
immediately found himself deserted by all those, who, 
during his prosperity, had paid him the most servile hom- 
age (1529). 

21. He afterward retired to his see of York, where he 
made himself extremely popular by his hospitality, kind- 
ness to the poor, and general affability; but his relentless 
enemies, among whom was Anne Boleyn, were not yet 
satisfied, and under their influence Wolsey was arrested on 
a charge of high treason. While being escorted to London 
for trial, he was seized with severe illness, and expired 
shortly afterward at Leicester Abbey (1530). Among his 
last words was the well-known saying, "Had I but served 
God as diligently as I have served the king, he would not 
have given me over in my gray hairs." His great faults 
were his arrogance and inordinate ambition aud love of 
display; but his administration was able and generally 
judicious; while subsequently Henry's rule was marked by 
tyranny, extravagance, and passion. 

20. What caused the fall of Wolsey? How was he treated? Who became 
chancellor ? 

'1 1 . Further history of Wolsoy ? His death ? His last words ? Remarks on 
his character ? 



A. D. 1535.] THE TUDOK FAMILY. 135 

22. Tired of waiting for the Pope's decision, the king, 
by the advice of Thomas Cranmer — a distinguished eccle- 
siastic, referred the question respecting his marriage with 
Catharine to the great universities in Europe; and these 
having generally decided that it was unlawful, Cranmer, 
who had been made archbishop of Canterbury, opened a 
court to examine the question. Although the queen re- 
fused to appear before it, he annulled the marriage, and 
ratified that with Anne Boleyn (1533), with whom the 
king had been privately married some time before. 

23. The Pope having pronounced the judgment of Cran- 
mer illegal, and threatened Henry with excommunication, 
the Parliament, under the king's influence, confirmed his 
marriage with Queen Anne, and formally declared him 
"the only supreme head on earth of the Church of Eng- 
land." By this declaration and other acts of Parliament, 
the English Church was separated entirely from the see of 
Rome (1534). The monasteries were afterward suppressed, 
and some modifications introduced into the doctrines and 
forms of religion. These events constituted what is called 
in history the " English Reformation/' 

24. Sir Thomas More, the virtuous and learned successor 
of Wolsey, unable conscientiously to support the king in 
these measures, had resigned the great seal, and subse- 
quently refusing to acknowledge the king's supremacy, was 
condemned for treason and executed. Fisher, bishop of 
Rochester, suffered the same fate (1535). The king, indeed, 
evinced, during the whole of his subsequent reign, a spirit 
of the most cruel bigotry and persecution. In abandoning 
his allegiance to the Pope, he by no means became a con- 
vert to the new doctrines of Luther and others against the 

22. What measure was taken by Henry ? By whose advice ? How was the 
marriage annulled ? 

23. What was done by Parliament? What events constituted the "English 
Reformation ?" 

24. What led to the execution of More? Who else was executed? Views 
and conduct of Henry ? 



136 THE TUDOR FAMILY. fA. ». 1538. 

Church of Eome; and while he plundered the churches 
and monasteries of their possessions, he caused those who 
dissented from their doctrines to be burnt without the 
least mercy. 

25. About three years after her marriage with the king, 
Anne Boleyn was brought to trial on a charge of being 
unfaithful to her royal husband; and, being found guilty, 
was sentenced to death, and subsequently beheaded (1536). 
Not satisfied with this cruel vengeance, the king caused 
his marriage with Anne to be annulled, and her daughter, 
■the princess Elizabeth, to be declared illegitimate. The 
conduct of Henry went far to disprove the guilt of this 
unfortunate queen, for on the third day after her execution 
he married Jane Seymour, one of her maids of honor, of 
whom he had a short time before become greatly enamored. 
This queen died the next year, after giving birth to a son, 
who was baptized by the name of Edward (1537). 

26. The suppression of the monasteries, and the other 
innovations introduced by the king, occasioned a serious 
insurrection, called the " Pilgrimage of Grace," in which 
many priests participated, the object being to restore the 
Church and suppress heresy. Hull and York were taken by 
the rebels, who, however, were soon dispersed by the Duke 
of Norfolk, and their leaders taken and executed (1536). 
This rebellion led to severer measures against the remain- 
ing abbeys and monasteries. All were seized, their rich 
possessions taken by the crown, and many of the most sacred 
shrines were pillaged and destroyed, including even that 
of St. Thomas of Canterbury, whose name, by the king's 
order, was erased from the calendar, his bones dug up aud 
burned, and their ashes scattered to the winds (1538). 

27. Immediately after the death of Jane Seymour, Henry 

25. Fate of Anne Boleyn ? Vengeance of the king ? Third marriage of Henry ? 

26. What was the " Pilgrimage of Grace ?" How canned ? What was done by 
the rebels? How did the insurrection end? To what did it lead? Remains of 
Thomas a Becket ? 

27. Fourth queen of Henry •►- How selected ? How treated ? Her subsequent 
history ? Fate of Cromwell ? 



A.». 1546.] THE TUDOR FAMILY. 137 

turned his attention to the selection of a new queen, and 
by the advice of his minister Cromwell, consented to marry 
Anne of Cleves, a Protestant princess, with whose portrait 
he had been highly pleased. He was, however, so greatly 
disappointed with the original, that he soon divorced her; 
but settled upon her a handsome annuity, upon which she 
lived in England until her death, in 1557. Cromwell, who 
had been instrumental in bringing about this unfortunate 
marriage, was charged with treason, condemned, and 
executed (1540). 

28. The king soon afterward married Catharine Howard, 
niece of the Duke of Norfolk ; but in less than two years 
she was charged with adultery, and being proved guilty, was 
beheaded (1542). During the same year, war again broke out 
with Scotland, brought on through the contrivance of the 
Catholic party in that country, aided by Mary of Guise 
(gweez), wife of the Scottish king, James V. This monarch 
sent a considerable force into England, but it was disas- 
trously routed by the English at Sol way Moss ; and James 
was so deeply chagrined at the defeat, that he expired in 
less than a month afterward. A few days before his death, 
his queen gave birth to a daughter, afterward celebrated 
as Mary Queen of Scots (1542). 

29. Henry then planned the union of the two kingdoms 
by effecting a marriage between his son Edward and the 
young Scottish queen; but this was prevented by the 
Catholic party, through whose influence Scotland again 
formed an alliance with France. Henry, therefore, entered 
into a league with the emperor of Germany, in order to at- 
tack France; but no results of importance followed, although 
the war was continued more than three years (1543-4G). 
Meanwhilej the king, for the sixth time, entered into a matri- 



28. Fifth marriage of Henry ? Guilt and punishment of Catherine Howard? 
What caused a war with Scotland? How ended? Death of the Scotch king? 
Infant daughter? 

29. What plan was conceived hy Henry? How frustrate;!? What war fol- 
lowed? Sixth marriage of the king? Catharine Parr ? 



138 THE TUDOR FAMILY. [A. ». 1547. 

monial alliance, choosiug Catharine Parr, widow of Lord 
Latimer, a lady of beauty, wit, and intelligence, and 
attached to the new doctrines. 

30. The king, however, was exceedingly intolerant of 
any innovaiions in religion, except such as he ordered: 
and many suffered death for daring to express opinions 
at variance with his own. x^mong these martyrs, Anne 
Ascue, a young woman of singular merit and beauty, 
suffered death at the stake, heroically refusing to deny her 
faith. The queen fell into great danger by attempting a 
similar freedom, and only saved herself by pretending an 
entire submission to her royal husband's will. 

31. The last victim of Henry's tyranny was the accom- 
plished Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, who was beheaded on 
Tower Hill, having been unjustly condemned on a charge of 
treason (1547).* The king survived this event only a few 
days. His excesses had entirely destroyed his health, so that 
for some time before his death he had become loathsome to 
all around him, while his irascibility made him an object 
of constant terror. He was, without doubt, a most re- 
morseless despot ; but notwithstanding his arbitrary viola- 
tion of every principle of political and religious liberty, he 
lxiver lost entirely the good-will of his subjects. 

32. During this reign, the first complete copy of the 
English Bible was printed, and ordered by the king to be 
placed in every parish church. It was based upon the 
translation of William Tyndale, and executed by Miles 
Coverdale. Henry YIII. encouraged learning. He founded 

* He perished by the accusations of his unnatural sifter, the Duchess of Richmond. The 
chief evidence of his guilt was her statement that he used the king's cipher, H. R. ; although 
it was shown by him that this cipher had been worn by his ancestors as well as by himself 
His genioswas of a very high order, and his accomplishments unite extensive, including a 
knowledge of the Latin, French, Italian, and Spanish languages. lie had a remarkably 
vigorous intellect, as well as a keen and ready wit. Chaste both in thought and expression, 
his writings breathe the most fervent regard both for virtue an 1 religion, while they abound 
in those beautiful nights of fancy which are the characteristic of genuine poetry. 



30. Intolerance of Henry? AnneAscue? Danger of the queen ? 

31. Last victim of Henry's tyranny J Death of Henry I Hie character? 

32. What translation was made during this retell S What did Henry fonnri? 

What was founded by Wolaey? The most noted poet* ? What children did 
Henry leave ? Who succeeded him ? 



A. ». 1547.] THE TUDOR FAMILY. 139 

Trinity College in Cambridge and munificently endowed 
it. Wolsey founded Christ Church in Oxford, and was 
the first to establish in the same university a professorship 
for giving instruction in Greek. The most noted poets of 
this period were the unfortunate Surrey and Sir Thomas 
Wyatt.* Henry left three children — Mary, daughter of 
Catharine; Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn; and Ed- 
ward, son of Jane Seymour. The last succeeded him. 
1547 33. Edward VI. being only ten years of age, 
to the government was intrusted to his maternal uncle, 
1553 fl ie Duke of Somerset, as Protector; who, being in 
favor of promoting the cause of the Reformation, took 
care that those who directed the education of the youthful 
monarch should be of the same principles. Edward readily 
imbibed these views, and showed a knowledge, zeal, and 
devotion quite remarkable in one so young. His attention 
to his studies and the gentleness of his disposition also made 
him much loved by all around him. Cranmer and Latimer 
were the most eminent of his religious preceptors, as they 
were likewise among the most active of the Eeformers; 
while Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester, showed the greatest 
zeal in opposing all further religious innovations. 

34. In accordance with the views of the late king, Som- 
erset was desirous of effecting a union between England 
and Scotland, by the marriage of Edward with the young- 
Scottish queen. This being opposed by the Scots, he 
marched a large army across the border, and gained a 
great victory near Edinburgh (1547), but was unable to 
take advantage of it, being compelled to return to Eng- 
land, to oppose the machinations of his enemies, among 
whom was his own brother, Lord Seymour. Shortly 

* Wyatt and Surrey were intimate friends, being congenial both in taste and sentiment, 
Wyatt was a great favorite with the king, and was employed on some important embassies on 
the continent. 

33. Who was appointed Protector? Education of Edward VI. ? His charac- 
ter? His religious preceptors ? Most noted reformers? Opponents of change ? 

34. What led to an invasion of Scotland? The result? Whither was the 
young queen of Scotland sent ? 

6* 



140 THE TUDOR FAMILY. [A. I>. 1549, 

afterward, the infant queen of Scotland was sent to France, 
where she was educated, and subsequently became the wife 
of Francis IT., king of that country. 

35. The Duke of Somerset, finding his authority endan- 
gered by the ambitious schemes of his brother, caused him 
to be arrested and committed to the Tower; and a bill of 
attainder* being passed against him by Parliament, he was 
executed (1549). Further changes were made in the es- 
tablished religion, through the influence of the Protector; 
and severe laws were enacted against those who refused to 
comply with the liturgy, as contained in the " Book of 
Common Prayer," compiled chiefly by Cranmer and Kid- 
ley. Some persons who persistently refused a compliance 
witli the new doctrines and practices, were committed to 
the flames. 

36. The breaking up of the religious houses, the enclo- 
sure of the commons on which the peasantry had formerly 
pastured their cattle, the depreciation of money from the 
debasement of the coin by the late king, and the great in- 
flux of gold and silver from the New "World, had occa- 
sioned very general distress, all of which was attributed 
by the people to the religious innovations. An insurrec- 
tion was the consequence, the people rising in several parts 
of England at the same time, and demanding a restora- 
tion of the former religious institutions. These commo- 
tions were, however, soon put down ; chiefly by the ener- 
getic conduct of the Earl of Warwick, who defeated the 
rebels with great slaughter, and caused the leaders to be 
hanged (1549). 

37. Somerset, who up to this time had ruled England 
with kingly power, now became very unpopular; and, 

* A bill of attainder is a law declaring a person guilty of treason, and condemning him with- 
out H formal trial. It was a noted instrument of tyranny for many years. 



35. What proceedings against Lord Seymour ? Changes in religion? Book of 
Common Prayer? Persecutions? 

36. What occasioned great distress ? To what attributed ? What insurrection 
broke out ? How suppressed ? 

3 7. What proceedings against Somerset ? Through whom was this done ? 



A. D. 1553.] THE TUDOR FAMILY. 141 

principally through the management of Warwick, was 
finally deposed and sent to the Tower, the latter thus ob- 
taining the chief control of the government (1549). Som- 
erset having made humble submission to his enemies, was 
released, but was a short time afterward accused of high 
treason, and executed on Tower Hill (1552). This was 
accomplished by the contrivance of Warwick, now bearing 
the title of Duke of Northumberland, whose unbounded 
ambition was able to extinguish in his mind every gen- 
erous and honorable feeling. 

38. The ill health of the young king prompted the duke 
to undertake a still bolder enterprise, which w r as no less 
than to place one of his own family on the throne. In pur- 
suance of this scheme he married his son, Lord Guilford 
Dudley, to Lady Jane Grey, grand-daughter of Henry VII., 
and persuaded the king to set aside the claims of his sis- 
ters Mary and Elizabeth on the ground of illegitimacy, and 
to settle the succession upon his cousin, the Lady Jane. 
After this settlement w r as made, the king grew rapidly 
worse, Northumberland having dismissed his physicians 
and placed him in charge of persons entirely committed to 
his own interests. A short time after this, he expired, in 
the sixteenth year of his age, much lamented for his many 
virtues (1553). 
1553 **9. Mary. — The lords, being under the influ- 

to ence of Northumberland, immediatelv waited upon 

1558 " 

the Lady Jane to inform her of the death of her 

royal cousin, and of her own elevation to the throne by 
his designation ; but she received the news with visible 
concern and anxiety. She was a lady of unusual accom- 
plishments and singular amiability, having passed much 
of her time, in a close application to study, and made great 
attainments in the Greek and Latin languages under the 

38. What other scheme was planned by the Duke of Northumberland? What 
wa« done to effect it ? Illness and death of the king? 

39. Announcement to Lady Jane Grey? Her character and attainments? 
Why did she accept the throne ? 



142 THE TUDOE FAMILY. *[A. ». 1553. 

instruction of the distinguished scholar, Roger Ascham.* 
For other occupations she expressed an entire indifference, 
and only yielded to the persuasions of her frieifflfc to accept 
the throne, from the representations made to her that her 
title to it was clear, and that her duty dictated the step. 

40. The people, however, heard the proclamation of her 
accession with sullen silence or expressions of scorn and 
contempt ; and Mary at once took measures to assert her 
right. She was proclaimed queen hy the authorities of 
London, and hailed with shouts of applause by the popu- 
lace when she entered that city. Northumberland and 
his colleagues were obliged to submit, and the former with 
two of his accomplices was convicted of treason and exe- 
cuted. Lady Jane Grey and Lord Guilford were also sen- 
tenced to death, but the queen was reluctant to carry the 
sentence into execution. Cranmer was also tried, and con- 
victed of participating in the treason of Northumberland, 
but was reserved for future punishment. 

41. The cherished object of Mary was to restore the 
Catholic religion ; and her chief counsellors in carry- 
ing out this object were Bishops Gardiner and Bonner, 
whom she had reinstated in their sees. The Parliament 
repealed all the laws of King Edward with regard to 
religion ; and having annulled the divorce pronounced 
by Cranmer, declared the queen legitimate. The latter, 
still further to promote this measure, consented to marry 
Philip of Spain, son of the Emperor Charles V., who was 
very devoted to the Church of Rome. 

42. In consequence of these changes, a rebellion broke 
out in Kent, under Sir Thomas Wyatt (son of the poet, 

* Very celebrated as a classical scholar. One of his most celebrated works is " ToxophHus,' 11 
a d 'fence of archery — dedicated to Henry VIII. He was teacher of languages to the Lady 
Elizabeth, and subsequently Latin secretary to Edward VI. ; and later, secretary and tutor to 
yueen Elizabeth. He died in 1568. leaving his principal work. — a treatise on classical educa- 
tion, entitled "The Schoolmaster," which was published by his widow. 



40. Effect oil the people ? Measures of Mary ? Who were punished? 

4 1 . Chief object of Mary ? Measures to attain it ? Her marriage ? 

42. What rebellion broke out? Result? Consequence to Lady Jane and her 
husband? Her last words to her husband? Who were imprisoned? 



A. ». 1555.] THE TUDOR FAMILY. 143 

and hence surnamed " the Younger") ; but it was speedily 
reduced, an$«Wyatt was executed. Some of the friends 
of Lady Jan% Grey having taken part in it, the queen was 
finally induced to sign the death-warrant of that unfortu- 
nate princess and her husband, and they were consequently 
beheaded (1554). Her last message to her youthful hus- 
band (for neither of them was over seventeen years of age) 
was : " Our separation will be only for a moment ; we shall 
soon meet each other in a place where our affections will 
be forever united, and where misfortunes will never more 
disturb our eternal felicity." The queen filled the Tower 
and other prisons with the numerous objects of her sus- 
picion, many of them among the most distinguished of 
the nobility and gentry. The Prineess Elizabeth was also 
imprisoned, but made so good a defence that she was soon 
released. 

43. The queen had already communicated to the Roman 
pontiff her wish that England should be reconciled to the 
Catholic Church ; and Cardinal Pole was directed to pro- 
ceed to that country as a papal legate to direct measures 
necessary for its formal restoration. This was accomplished 
by the third Parliament of this reign (1555), the motion 
being carried almost by acclamation, and a memorial sent 
to the queen and her royal consort, regretting the nation's 
previous defection from the Roman see. A decree of gen- 
eral absolution was granted by the legate ; and the laws 
against heresy were soon afterward revived. 

44. A severe persecution of the Protestants ensued, 
under the direction chiefly of Bishops Gardiner and Bon- 
ner. The first to suffer death at the stake were John 
Rogers, one of the clergy of St. Paul's, and Hooper, 
Bishop of Gloucester; and these were soon followed by 
Saunders and Taylor, two. other clergymen. Soon after 

43. How was England restored to the Roman see ? 

44. What persecution ensued? Who were burnt? What account is given of 
Oranmer ? How many persons suffered ? What excuse can be offered lor this 
jersecutiou ? 



persecu 



144 THE TUDOR FAMILY. [A. ». 1558. 

this, Ridley, Bishop of London, and Latimer, of Worcester, 
were burnt together, both of whom showed the greatest 
fortitude and constancy in their sufferings, refusing to the 
last to recant their religious opinions (1555). Oranmer, by 
the promise of pardon, was induced to sign p, recantation; 
but was nevertheless committed to the flames. At the 
stake, he expressed the deepest contrition for his weakness ; 
and thrusting into the flames the hand which had signed 
the paper, and exclaiming, "This hand has offended," 
he kept it there till it was entirely consumed (1556). It 
has been computed that two hundred and seventy-seven 
persons suffered death at the stake during this persecu- 
tion. The only excuse that can be offered for it is, that 
the age was remarkable for religious intolerance, both 
parties showing a like spirit in similar circumstances. 

45. The queen had been for some time urged to aid her 
husband Philip, now king of Spain, in a war against 
France; but her ministers and Parliament were greatly 
opposed to it; Mary, though treated by her husband with 
great coolness and indifference, was yet very anxious to 
promote his views, and by various artifices at length suc- 
ceeded in obtaining the means necessary to carry on the 
proposed war. An army, which was sent into Flanders, had 
considerable share in the victory gained by Philibert, Duke 
of Savoy, at St. Quentin*.(1557). As an offset, however, 
to this victory, the French, under the Duke of Guise, sur- 
prised the garrison at Calais, and took the town, after it 
had been in the possession of the English for more than 
two hundred years (1558). 

46. The queen, whose health had been for some time 
failing, was greatly dejected at this loss, and fell into a 
lingering fever, of which she expired a short time after- 

* A town near the eastern frontier of France. 



45. How was aid obtained for Philip ? War in Flanders ? Taking of Calais ? 

46. Effect on the queen ? Her death? Her character? Promotion of trade! 
What discovery was made ? Exchange of goods ? 



A. ». 1558.] THE TUDOR FAMILY. 145 

ward (Not. 17, 1558). Cardinal Pole died the same day. 
Mary possessed a -vigorous and resolute mind ; and 
could she have divested herself of the spirit of bigotry, 
so common in her age, she would have deserved a 
place among the most virtuous and energetic of sover- 
eigns; but the cruelties perpetrated under her sanction 
have tended to obscure the many virtues and accomplish- 
ments which she undoubtedly possessed. The interests of 
trade were considerably promoted during her reign. A 
passage to Archangel * having been discovered during the 
previous reign, a commercial treaty was made with Eussia, 
and the woollen and linen fabrics of England were ex- 
changed for the skins and furs of the northern regions. 
1558 ^' Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn, who 
to succeeded Mary, had been educated in the Protest- 
ant faith, and her accession to the throne was 
hailed by the people with great rejoicing. She com- 
menced her reign with great moderation, treating all 
with kindness and courtesy, even those by whom she had 
been deeply injured during the previous reign. She re- 
tained some of the council of Queen Mary, but added 
others who were favorable to her own views, among whom 
were Sir Nicholas Bacon and Sir William Cecil (ses'il), 
the latter being made secretary of state, and her chief 
adviser. 

48. The first important event of her reign was tile- 
re-enactment of the laws of King Edward concerning 
religion, and the re-establishment of the new liturgy, to 
which all were required to conform under severe penalties. 
By the "Act of Supremacy" all clergymen and government 
officers were compelled to take an oath acknowledging the 
English sovereign head of the Church; and by the "Act 

* A noted seaport in the northern part of Russia, on a gulf tributary to the White Sea. 



47. How was Elizabeth's accession received? How did she commence her 
reign ? Her chief adviser ? 

48. Laws regarding religion ? Persecution? 



146 THE TUDOR FAMILY. [A.». 1569 

of Uniformity" no persons were allowed to attend any 
other place of worship than those of the Established 
Church. Hundreds suffered death, imprisonment, or other 
persecution for refusing compliance with these arbitrary 
statutes. 

49. Philip of Spain made proposals of marriage to 
Elizabeth; but these were declined; and she told her 
Parliament, who urged her to accept a consort, that she 
desired, no higher distinction than to have engraved on 
her tombstone, "Here lies Elizabeth, who lived and died 
a maiden queen." The first eleven years of her reign was 
distinguished for internal quiet and prosperity. Peace was 
established with France and Scotland; the government, 
under Cecil, afterward made Lord Burleigh, was adminis- 
tered with energy and prudence; the debts of the crown 
were promptly paid off; and tae nation put in a posture 
of defence, by the construction of a navy which gained 
for Elizabeth the title of " Queen of the Northern Seas." 

50. There were about this time three religious parties 
in the kingdom : the Churchmen, or those who were at- 
tached to the Established Church; the Catholics, who, 
supported by the great continental powers, expected to 
re-establish their religion; and the Puritans, who now 
contended for more radical changes in religious forms and 
doctrines (1569). These last had imbibed their principles 
from those who, during the persecutions of the previous 
reign, had taken, refuge in Geneva and Frankfort;* and 
they opposed Elizabeth's government, not only on the 
ground of religious differences, but on account of her 
assuming a prerogative and authority opposed to the civil 

* It is computed that during the persecutions under Queen Mary as many as eight hundred 
Protestants sought an asylum in Switzerland and Germany. But these were of various views, 
and disputes arose as to ttie extent of the changes to be made in religious matters. After 
Elizabeth's accession these disputes were transferred to their own country. 



49. Views of Elizabeth a« to matrimony? Chief events of the first eleven 
years of her reign ? 

50. What religion? parties existed at this time ? Describe each. Why did the 
Puritans oppose Elizabeth's government ? Was this opposition effective ? 



A.». 1572.] THE TUDOR FAMILY. 147 

and political rights of the people. It was not, however,, 
until a subsequent reign that these fearless agitators were 
enabled to bring their principles into complete operation; 
for Elizabeth lost no opportunity of repressing their ef- 
forts, although some of her ministers favored their princi- 
ples and practices. 

51. England now began to distinguish herself in that 
splendid career of maritime enterprise which has shed 
such lustre upon her name. Under the auspices of Sir 
Walter Raleigh (raiv'le), a favorite courtier of Elizabeth, 
voyages were made to North America, and the queen gave 
to the region discovered the name of Virginia (1584). 
Martin Erobisher also made explorations for a northwest 
passage to India; and Sir Francis Drake* completed a 
voyage around the world by way of Cape Horn and the 
Cape of Good Hope (1579). 

52. The people of the Netherlands having revolted against 
Philip II. of Spain, in consequence of his dreadful oppres- 
sions and persecutions (1572), Elizabeth w T armly espoused 
their cause; and Philip, therefore, made extensive prepara- 
tions to invade England, with the view to conquer it and 
restore it to the authority of the Roman pontiff. Eor this 
purpose he equipped an immense fleet, which was styled 
the "Invincible Armada," consisting of 150 ships, bearing 
3,000 guns and 27,000 men. But this vast armament, as 
it sailed up the Channel, was attacked and partly destroyed 
by a much smaller fleet, under the command of Lord 
Howard as admiral, assisted by those renowned captains, 
Drake, Erobisher, and Hawkins. The Spanish admiral, 
therefore, finding it impossible to effect a landing on the 

* He was the first Englishman to accomplish this enterprise. As he had captured some of the 
Spanish treasure-ships, some persons, fearing the hostility of Spain, endeavored to persuade the 
queen to disavow the enterprise and punish Drake: but she, in admiration of his v. dor. e in- 
ferred on him the honor of knighthood, and participated in a banquet given on board of h.s 
ship at Deptford. 

51. How did England begin to be distinguished? What voyages and dis- 
coveries were made ? Sir Francis Drake ? 

52. What led to a war with Philip ? The "Invincible Armada?" Bv whom 
was it attacked ? How destroyed ? 



148 THE TUDOR FAMILY. [A. ». 1565. 

coast, or to gain any advantages over the English fleet, 
attempted to return to Spain by sailing round Scotland; 
but a storm arising, nearly all his vessels were wrecked off 
the Orkney Islands (1588). 

53. The year preceding this glorious event is memorable 
for the execution of the unfortunate Mary, Queen of Scots, 
at Fotheringay Castle,* after an imprisonment of more than 
eighteen years. Mary, as has already been related, Avas 
sent to France, and became the wife of Francis II. She 
had been educated in the Catholic faith, and had imbibed 
a strong partiality for the doctrines and practices of that 
form of religion. The early death of her husband com- 
pelled her to return to Scotland (1561), where she assumed 
the throne, although she was much disliked by the Scots 
on account of her religion and gay manners. 

54. The Scottish reformers were at this time in the as- 
cendant, under the guidance of the celebrated John Knox, 
and had made even greater havoc of the religious establish- 
ments in that country than had occurred in England. 
From this zealot and his associates, the young queen received 
every possible indignity, the Protestant preachers taking 
pride in insulting and vilifying her to her face, although 
they were treated by her with the most gracious condescen- 
sion and respect, and although she had issued a proclama- 
tion enjoining all to submit to the established religion, f 

55. A few years after her return to Scotland (1565), she 
married her cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley; but she 
lived very unhappily with him, on account of his miscon- 
duct, extravagance, and vicious excesses. Becoming jealous 

* FofJierinrjni/, a parish in Northumberland county, in the central part of England. The c istle 
was razed to the ground after the accession of James I. 

+ She was also an object of suspicion and dislike to Elizabeth and her ministers: for her 
religion made her a favorite with the Catholic party, and in youth and beauty she had greatly 
the advantage of the English queen. 



53. What execution occurred the year before ? Early history of Mary, Queen 
of Scots ? 

54. After her return to Scotland, how was she treated? John Knox and the 
Scotch reformers ? Why was she suspected and disliked by Elizabeth ? 

5 5. What is said of her second marriage? Its consequences? Murder of 
Rizzio ? Death of Darnley ? 



A.D. 15GS.] THE TUDOR FAMILY. 149 

of her secretary — one Eizzio (reet'se-o), an Italian — Darnley, 
accompanied by several of his friends, rushed one evening 
into her apartment, where she was engaged with her secre- 
tary and others; and the unfortunate favorite was seized 
and hurried into the antechamber, where he was despatched 
with fifty-six wounds (1566). Mary, though at first horror- 
stricken at this crime, and indignant at the insult offered 
to herself, afterward professed to pardon it, and extorted 
from her weak and wicked husband the confession that a 
plot had been formed by himself and others against her. 
Some time after this, Darnley was attacked by illness, during 
which his house, a lonely, half-ruined mansion in Edin- 
burgh, where he had been placed by the queen, was blown 
up by gunpowder, and he was thus killed. 

56. The suspicion that Mary was accessory to this crime 
seemed afterward to be confirmed by her marriage with the 
Earl of Bothwell, a reckless and dissolute nobleman, who 
was generally believed to have been concerned in its per- 
petration. This led to a confederation of the nobles, who, 
having taken the queen prisoner, compelled her to abdicate 
the throne in favor of her infant son James, and confined 
her in Lochlev'en Castle.* She, however, escaped thence, 
and raised a small army, which was defeated by the regent, 
Murray; whereupon Mary fled into England, and threw 
herself upon the protection of Elizabeth; but instead of the 
generous hospitality which she had anticipated, she found 
herself a captive for life (1568). 

57. Mary had given great offence to Elizabeth, when in 
France, by assuming the title of Queen of England, on the 
ground that the marriage of Henry VIII. with Anne 

* Lochleven. a small lake in the eastern part of Scotland, about twenty miles north of Edin- 
burgh It contains several islands, on one of which the remains of the castle still exist. The 
lake must be carefully distinguished from Loch Lecen, in the western part of Scotland, near 
which is the famous valley of Glencoe. 



56. Why was Mary suspected of the crime ? What did it lead to ? Escape and 
flight of Mary ? 

57. Why was Elizaheth offended at her? What party supported her ? What 
led to her execution ? How was it effected ? 



150 THE TUDOR FAMILY. [A. D. 1587. 

Boleyn was unlawful, and hence that her daughter, being 
illegitimate, had no right to the throne. During Mary's 
life, the Catholic party in England favored these pretensions; 
and many conspiracies were formed by them to place her 
upon the throne. In the last of these, the object of which 
was to take the life of Elizabeth, Mary, notwithstanding 
her repeated avowals of innocence, was pronounced guilty 
of being an accomplice, and sentenced to death (1586). 
The Parliament urged her execution ; but the queen ap- 
peared very reluctant to give her assent, and the French 
and Scotch ambassadors interceded earnestly in behalf of 
the unfortunate Mary. Elizabeth at last signed the death- 
warrant, and Mary was beheaded at Fotheringay (1587). 

58. Queen Mary was one of the most beautiful and ac- 
complished princesses of her age. Her manners were 
graceful and winning, and her conversation full of wit and 
sprightly intelligence. She was a charming singer, and 
could accompany herself on several instruments ; and the 
poems which she has left attest a genius for that kind of 
composition. Her imprudence and want of self-control, 
and, it is to be feared, the absence of strong moral princi- 
ples, brought upon her those great calamities which have 
shed a mournful interest upon her name. The signing of 
her death-warrant is, however, considered by some the 
greatest blot upon the fame- of the virgin queen. 

59. Elizabeth not only contended with Philip of Spain 
upon the ocean, but sent a force of auxiliary troops to 
Holland, under the Earl of Leicester, a nobleman for whom 
she appears to have entertained a singular esteem and 
affection. He was, however, quite unsuccessful, possessing 
neither the courage nor capacity requisite for the duty 
assigned him. In an attack upon Zut'phen,* he entirely 

* Now a noted manufacturing city of Holland, in the province of Gilderland, and about 17 
miles from Arnhem, the capital of the province, where Sydney died of the wounds received at 
Zutphen. 

58. Character of Queen Mary ? Signing of her death-warrant ? 

59. Whither was Leicester Bent ? The queen's regard for him? His conduct ! 
Battle of Zutphen? Death of Sidney ? Of Leicester? By whom was he suc- 
ceeded ? Character of Essex ? 



A. ». 1601.] THE TUDOR FAMILY. 151 

failed, and the gallant and accomplished Sir Philip Sydney 
was mortally wounded in the battle (1568). Leicester, 
whose death occurred soon afterward (1588), was succeeded 
in the queen's affections by his stepson, Robert, Earl of 
Essex, a young man of handsome exterior and considerable 
merit, but of a daring and reckless disposition. 

60. During the religious wars in France, Elizabeth gave 
all the aid in her power to the cause of the Protestants; 
and when Henry IV. ascended the throne (1589), she sent 
him money, and r force under Essex, to assist him in sub- 
duing his enemies. She was, however, much displeased at 
his abjuring the Protestant religion, and wrote him a letter 
reproaching him in angry terms for his apostasy; but from 
interested motives she still continued to assist him with 
supplies of men and money. 

61. An insurrection having broken out in Ireland, Essex 
was sent with a large army to subdue it; but having failed 
disgracefully in this expedition, and returned to England 
without the consent of the queen, he was arrested by her 
orders, and deprived by the council of all his public offi- 
ces. He, however, expected a free pardon from the queen, 
but not receiving it, attempted to raise an insurrection 
against her government. In this mad scheme he met 
with no success, but, with his accomplices, was seized and 
thrown into the Tower. Being arraigned for treason, he 
was found guilty; and the queen, though with great reluc- 
tance, having signed his death-warrant, he was beheaded 
(1601). 

62. Elizabeth survived this event but a short time. 
The fate of this young nobleman, for whom she appears 
to have had a very deep affection, oppressed her mind with 



60. What aid did Elizabeth give to the Protestants ? Why was she displeased 
with Henry IV. ? 

61. W T hy was Essex sent to Ireland? His conduct there? How punished t>y 
the queen? His subsequent conduct ? His execution ? 

62. How was Elizabeth affected by it ? Her behavior ? Her last words ? Her 
death ? 



152 THE TUDOR FAMILY. [A. D. 1603. 

a settled melancholy.* For ten days previous to her death, 
she lay upon the floor, supported by cushions, and gave 
way to her feelings of distress by sighs and groans. She 
seldom spoke, and persistently refused nourishment. Be- 
ing solicited to nominate a successor, she replied that she 
would have a king to succeed her, referring to James of 
Scotland. In reply to the Archbishop of Canterbury, who 
advised her to fix her thoughts upon God, she said that 
her mind did not in the least wander from Him. She 
soon after fell into a lethargy, and without a struggle 
expired (March 24th, 1603), in the forty-fifth year of her 
reign and the seventieth of her age. 

63. Elizabeth was endowed with remarkable talents for 
government, and commanded the respect not only of her 
own subjects but of foreign states. She was, however, 
more mindful of the present prosperity and happiness of 
her people than of permanently establishing their liberty. 
She was haughty and despotic, especially in the latter part 
of her reign; and though in her religious principles and 
practices she appears to have inclined toward Catholicism, 
she persecuted Catholics and Puritans with equal severity. 
Her private character was somewhat marked by insincerity 
and cruelty, and was too much wanting in the softer vir- 
tues of her sex to be highly commendable; while her per- 
sonal vanity and petty jealousy of female competitors has 
subjected her to considerable ridicule and contempt. 

64. During this illustrious reign, flourished the poet 
Spenser, who wrote the "Faerie Queene;" the immortal 
poet and dramatist, Shakspeare, whose works are the 
especial glory of English literature ; and Lord Bacon, 

* It is sairl that the Countess of Nottingham, who died ahout this time, had confessed that 
Essex had committed to her care a ring to be delivered to the queen, and that from enmity to 
him she had withheld it. This ring had been griven to Essex by the queen with the promise 
that whenever lie should send it to her, it should not fail to remind her of their Friendship, and 
awaken her tender regard for him. The queen, it is said, shook the dying Countess, exclaim* 
ing, " God may forgive you, but I never can." 



C'.i. Character of Elizabeth? 

61. What distinguished writers flourished during this reign? How did Bacon 
disgrace himself? What was Sydney's most celebrated work? 



A. ». 1603.] THE TUDOR FAMILY. 153 

who commenced his splendid career as a philosopher, 
though he disgraced himself by his virulence in the 
prosecution of the unfortunate Essex, from whom he 
had received many favors and benefits. Sir Philip 
Sydney was also a prominent character in the literary 
world, being the author of a sort of pastoral romance 
styled "Arcadia," very much admired at that time. Ben 
Jonson, the dramatist and poet, was also one of the noted 
characters of Elizabeth's reign. 

State of Society toder the Tudors. 

65. The proceedings of Parliament during this period 
show that the principles of civil and political freedom 
made but little progress. The Tudors were in general 
very vigorous princes, and ruled with a high hand. In 
all things, except in the voting of supplies of money to 
the sovereign, the parliaments showed a remarkable spirit 
of submission to his will; and many practices were ac- 
quiesced in which violated the most sacred of the subjects' 
liberties. Of this character were the proceedings in the 
Court of Star Chamber, established or revived in the 
reign of Henry VII., and the Court of High Commission, 
instituted by Queen Elizabeth. Both were instruments 
of the most flagrant oppression, one for punishing politi- 
cal offences, the other to compel religious conformity. 

66. The great change which, during this period, oc- 
curred in religious matters, had for a time the effect to 
increase the influence of the monarch. Unlimited suprem- 
acy was conferred by Parliament; and during the reign of 
Elizabeth, the utterance of seditious words against the 
queen was' made a capital offence. A Puritan who had 
written a book against the government of bishops was, 



65. Progress of civil and political freedom? Parliament under the Tudors? 
Court of Star Chamber? Of High Commission ? 

66. Effect of the Reformation ? Absolute power of the sovereign ? Arbitrary 
and severe punishments inflicted ? Difficulty in obtaining justice? 



154 THE TUDOR FAMILY. 

during the same reign, condemned to death; and another 
was executed on the charge of denying the " absolute power 
of the queen." Xo justice could be obtained by anyone in 
opposition to the will of the court or its officers. If a poor 
man sued a nobleman or member of the privy council for 
his just debt, he was liable to be thrust into prison, from 
which he could obtain release only by the relinquishment 
of a large part of his property. 

67. The revenue of Queen Elizabeth has been estimated 
at half a million sterling. She caused the customs to be 
more carefully collected ; and in 1590 they amounted to 
fifty thousand pounds a year, having been raised to that 
sum from fourteen thousand. The supplies obtained from 
Parliament during her whole reign are said to have only 
amounted to three millions, so that she must have exercised 
very great economy to carry on such vast undertakings with 
so slender a revenue. Loans had been formerly very often 
obtained from the Dutch, particularly from the city of 
Antwerp, the per cent, paid being as high as ten or twelve; 
but Elizabeth established so good a credit in her capital 
that the merchants of that city granted her loans, and 
rendered it unnecessary to have recourse to foreigners. 

68. Commerce and Xavigation made immense progress 
during the sixteenth century. The voyage of Columbus 
had given a vast impulse to maritime adventure, which 
was still further stimulated by the rich traffic to which 
it gave rise. Magellan's discovery of a southwest passage 
to the East, led to many attempts during this period to 
discover one in the northwest. Martin Frobisher made 
three fruitless voyages with this object: and Davis, not 
discouraged by his failure, made another attempt, in which 
he discovered the strait that bears his name. The discovery 
of a passage to Archangel, which was made during the 

67. Revenue of Queen Elizabeth? The customs ? Supplies from Parliament ? 
Loan* ? 

68. Commerce and navigation? How stimulated? Frohisher and Davie ? 
Russian trade ? 



THE TUDOE FAMILY. 155 

reign of Queen Mary, brought England into close com- 
munication with Eussia; but active commerce with that 
country did not begin until 1569. Elizabeth obtained from 
the Czar a patent by which the English were to have the 
whole trade of the empire. 

69. Encouraged by privileges so extensive, the English 
ventured further into that extensive region than any 
Europeans had previously done. They transported their 
goods a long distance up the Dwina in boats made of the 
trunks of trees, and then conveying their commodities 
overland to the Volga, carried them down that river to 
Astrachan, whence they shipped them across the Caspian 
Sea, and distributed them through Persia and other eastern 
countries. Trade was also for the first time carried on 
with Turkey (1583). These successes were the occasion 
of great jealousy on the part of the Hanse Towns, who 
obtained an edict from the German emperor prohibiting 
the English from carrying on trade in any part of the 
empire. Elizabeth, in retaliation, seized and confiscated 
sixty of their ships which had been seized in the river 
Tagus with contraband goods of the Spaniards. 

70. The naval power of England commenced in the 
reign of Henry VII.; but ship-building was evidently 
not active, since his successor was obliged to hire vessels 
from Hamburg, Lubec, Genoa, Venice, and other great 
commercial towns. Under the vigorous sway of the Vir- 
gin Queen, a better state of things was introduced ; and in 
1582, the number of seamen in England was registered at 
over fourteen thousand ; and the number of vessels 
amounted to above twelve hundred. The navy, at her 
death, was considered large; but the whole number of 
guns was less than eight hundred. The military force 
of the nation at the time of the threatened attack by the 



69. Eastern trade, — how carried on ? Turkish trade ? The Hanse Towns ? 

70. Naval power of England? Ship-building ? Number of English seamen 
and vessels ? English navy ? Military force? 



156 THE TUDOR FAMILY. 

Spanish Armada wag set down at about 200,000 men able 
to bear arms. 

71. Manufacturing industry, at the commencement of 
Elizabeth's reign, had made but little progress, foreign 
wares of all kinds enjoying the preference oyer those made 
at home. The persecutions in France and the ]Sfetherlands, 
however, drove a large number of skilled artisans into 
England, who laid the foundation of the manufacturing 
prosperity afterward attained. It is said that Queen Eliz- 
abeth w r as presented, in the third year of her reign, with a 
pair of silk stockings, with which she was so much pleased 
that she never wore cloth hose afterward. The cloth manu- 
facture was so extensive, that as many as 200,000 pieces 
were said to be exported annually from England. The 
making of pins commenced during Elizabeth's reign. Be- 
fore that time the ladies used to fasten their dresses with 
clasps, small skewers of gold, silver, or brass, or hooks and 
eyes. 

72. Agriculture w T as carried on with more success, al- 
though vast tracts of land were still devoted to the pasturage 
of sheep. The introduction of clover, hops, and various 
A'egetables, together w T ith apricots, currants, gooseberries, 
cherries, and other fruits, changed somewhat the char- 
acter of horticulture. Pleasure gardens were laid out 
with more taste, and were ornamented with terraces, 
grottoes, statuary, fountains, etc. The condition of the 
peasantry was considerably improved. Their wattled huts 
gave place by degrees to comfortable houses, built of stone 
or brick; and glass windows came into general use. 
Wh eaten bread w r as eaten more generally, although rye and 
barley constituted the principal food of the poorer classes. 
Potatoes were introduced from South America by Raleigh, 
who also brought tobacco from the West Indies, and set 
the example of using it in England. 

7 1. "Manufactures? Cloth manufacture ? Pin?? 

7 'I. Agriculture ? Horticulture? Pleasure gardens? Condition of the peas- 
antry? Wheaten bread? Potatoes? Tobacco? 



THE TUDOR FAMILY. 157 

73. The nobility still supported, to some extent, their 
ancient magnificence in hospitality, and in the number of 
their servants and retainers. The Earl of Leicester gave 
the queen an entertainment at his famous castle at Kenil- 
worth, in which the most astonishing profusion was dis- 
played. Among other particulars, it is said that as many 
as three hundred and sixty-five hogsheads of beer were con- 
sumed at it. Lord Burleigh is said to have kept a hundred 
servants; and his silver plate, it is remarked by a writer 
of the period, " amounted to only fourteen or fifteen thou- 
sand pounds in weight." Great luxury in apparel was also 
indulged in, the queen taking the lead ; who, though she 
issued a proclamation to restrain this species of extrava- 
gance, at her death left a wardrobe of 3,000 dresses. 

74. The revival of learning, particularly the study of the 
classics, constituted a remarkable feature of this period. 
Erasmus, a native of Holland, was professor of Greek in 
the university of Oxford, and did much toward the attain- 
ment of this result. Henry VIII., Mary, Elizabeth, and 
Lady Jane Grey were all distinguished for their classical 
learning.* Koger Ascham has already been referred to as 
a distinguished teacher of Latin and Greek. Middle 
English now gave place to the New or Modern English, 
which, with slight modifications, continues to be the lan- 
guage used. This was the language of Shakspeare and 

* As likewise was Mary, Queen of Scots, who had acquired a facility in the use of several 
languages. The Latin pra3 - er which she composed a short time before her melancholy and 
tragic end has been much admired. Although in the mediaeval style, the language is expressive 
and elegant : — 

O Domine Deus, speravi in te ! 

O Oare mi Jesu, nunc libera me ! 

In dura catena, in misera poena desidero te 1 

Languendo, gemendo, et genuflectendo, 

Adoro, imploro, ut liberes me! 

It has been thus rendered into English, following as closely the Latin as the English idiom 
permits : 

My hopes, O Lord, have been in thee I 

Jesus '. — Saviour ! set me free ! 

In anguish and pain — in this iron chain — I call on thee ! 

With many a groan, and bitter moan — and kneeling on this prison stone, 

1 adore thee — implore thee, — to set me free 1 



73. Magnificence and hospitality of the nobles? Leicester's entertainment of 
the queen ? Lord Burleigh ? Apparel? 

74. Revival of learning? Erasmus? Distinguished classical scholars? As- 
cham? Language of the period? The drama? 



158 THE TUDOR FAMILY. 

Bacon. In the first part of this period, the drama con- 
sisted of short plays called "Interludes/' of which the 
most successful writer was John Heywood, who lived at 
the court of Henry VIII. 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1485. Henry VII. Reigned 24 years. 

1492. Perkin Warbeck personates the Duke of York. 

1499. Perkin Warbeck and the Earl of Warwick executed. 

1509. Henry VIII. Reigned 38 years. 

1513. Battle of Flodden Field, and Battle of the Spurs. 

1520. Interview between Henry VIII. and Francis I. 

1530. Death of Cardinal Wolsey. 

1533. Marriage of Henry VIII. with Anne Boleyn. 

1534. Papal power abolished in England. 

1535. Execution of Bishop Fisher and Sir Thomas More. 
1537. Birth of Edward VI. and death of Jane Seymour. 

1542. Execution of Catharine Howard. Birth of Mary, Queen of 

Scots. 
1547. Execution of the Earl of Surrey. Death of Henry VIII. 
1547. Edward VI. Reigned 6 years. 
1549. Lord Seymour beheaded. Somerset, the Protector, deposed. 

1552. Somerset beheaded. 

1553. Mary. Reigned 5 years. 

" Execution of the Duke of Northumberland. 

1554. Wyatt's rebellion. Execution of Lady Jane Grey. 

1555. Burning of Hooper, Ridley, and Latimer. 

1556. Burning of Archbishop Cranmer. 

1558. Calais taken by the French. Death of Queen Maiy. 

1558. Elizabeth. Reigned 44 years. 

1561. Return of Queen Mary to Scotland 

1568. Mary's flight into England. 

1586. Battle of Zutplien. Death of Sir Philip Sydney. 

1587. Mary Queen of Scots executed. 

1588. Defeat of the Spanish Armada. 

1601. Conspiracy and execution of Earl of Essex. 
1603. Death of Elizabeth. 



GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE TUDOR FAMILY. 

Henry VII. 

Arthur. Henry VIII. Margaret. Mary. 

(by Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk.) 



Mary. Elizabeth. Edward VI. 



Frances Brandon, 
(by Henry Gray, Marquis of Dorset.) 



(by James IV. of Scotland,) (by Earl of Angus,) Lad y Jaue Gre 7« 

James V. Margaret Douglas, 

| (by Matthew Stuart,. Earl of Lennox.) 

Mary, Queen of Scots, | 



(by Henry Stuart.) 
James VI. Cof Scotland,) 



I I 

Henry Stuart, Charles Stuart. 
(Lord Darnley.) 

or I, (of England.) Arabella Stuart. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. Who was Henry VII., and how did he gain the crown ? 119-120-126 

2. What were the first acts of his reign ? 126 

3. Give an account of the Simnel imposition 126-127 

4. Give an account of Warbeck 118-127-128 

5. Name in order the principal events in the reign of Henry VII.. .126 129-188 

6. What was the character of Henry VIH 126-1 29 

7. State all you can of Catharine of Aragon, Henry's first wife 130 135 

8. Of Anne Boleyn, Henry's second wife 133 136 

9. Of Jane Seymour, Henry's third wife 136 

10. Of Anne of Cleves, Henry's fourth wife 137 

11. Of Catharine Howard, Henry's fifth wife 137 

12. Of Catharine Parr, Henry's sixth wife 138 

13. Give an account of Henry's contest with Louis XII. of France 130 

14. Of his contest with King James of Scotland 131 

15. Give an account of Cardinal Wolsey 131 134 

16. Give an account of the interview between Henry and Francis 131-132 

17. Of Henry's separation from the Church of Rome 133-134-135 

18. Name, in order, the principal events of his reign 130 139-158 

19. State all you can of Edward VI 139-140-141 

20. Of Lady Jane Grey and her husband 141-142-143 

21. Who was Mary, and what difficulty did she have to get the throne ? 139-141-142 

22. Give in order the principal events of her reign 142-143-144-158 

23. What can you state of her character and accomplishments ? 145 

24. Who was Elizabeth, and when did she become queen ? 145 

25. How did she begin her reign, and what was its first important event? 145 

26. State what you can of the three religious parties then in England 146-147 

27. What important voyages were made during Elizabeth's reign ? 149 

28. What troubles" did Elizabeth have with Philip II. of Spain ? 147-14S 

29. Give the story of Mary. Queen of Scots 148-149-150 

30. Give an account of Robert, Earl of Essex 151, note, p. 152 

31. Give an account of the death of Elizabeth 152 

32. Of her talents, disposition, and character 152-157 

33. What men of literary note flourished during her reign ? 152-153 

34. Name, in order, the principal events in her reign 145 151-15 > 



160 THE STUART FAMILY. [A. D. 1603. 



section ii. 

The Sttjaet Family. 

Extending from the Accession of James I. (1603) to that of Geoi*ge I. 

(1714). 

1603 '" J ames !• — The Scottish king succeeded with- 
to out any opposition to the throne left vacant by the 
1625 death of Elizabeth. He was thirty-six years of 
age, had received a good education under the celebrated 
George Buchanan, but was very vain of his learning, 
and took every opportunity to make a display of it. 
With little judgment and good sense, and totally deficient 
in refinement of manners, he was constantly an object of 
ridicule or contempt. He had also unfortunately imbibed 
the notion that a king was divinely vested with absolute 
power; and hence his conduct was often tyrannical in the 
extreme, being utterly at variance with those principles of 
liberty which the English people had long viewed as their 
most valuable birthright. 

2. Scarcely had James commenced to reign, when a plot 
was formed to depose him, and place his cousin, Arabella 
Stuart, on the throne. The leaders of the conspiracy — 
among whom were Lord Cobham, Lord Grey (a Puritan), 
and others — were tried and convicted, and some were exe- 
cuted. Sir Walter Raleigh was also charged with being 
concerned in the plot; and the jury, influenced by the 
bitter invectives of Sir Edward Coke, the attorney-general, 
found him guilty, though it was generally admitted that 



1 . What was the age of James I. when he ascended the throne ? His character ? 
What made him tyrannical? 

2. What plot was formed ? Who were its leaders ? Who was also implicated? 
How was he conricted ? Was he punished ? Who were pardoned ? 



A. ». 1612.] THE STUART FAMILY. 161 

the proof was insufficient to convict him. He was after- 
ward reprieved by the king, though still kept a prisoner ; 
and Cobham and Grey were pardoned after they had laid 
their heads upon the block (1603). 

3. Soon after this, a plot was arranged by the Catholic 
party, disappointed in not receiving the religious privileges 
which they had expected on the accession of James. The 
object of it was to overturn the government by the de- 
struction of the king and both houses of parliament. For 
this purpose a vault beneath the House of Lords was hired, 
and thirty-six barrels of gunpowder were stored therein, 
which, on the opening of Parliament, were to be fired by 
one Guy Fawkes, an officer in the Spanish service, brought 
to England to perpetrate this act. This conspiracy, styled 
the "Gunpowder Plot," was discovered just on the eve of 
its execution ; and Guy Fawkes, with some of his fellow- 
conspirators, was executed (1605). 

4. During the previous reign, unsuccessful attempts had 

been made by Raleigh to plant a colony in the region to 
which the queen had given the name of Virginia. King- 
James, in the first part of his reign, granted charters to 
two companies — the London, or South Virginia Company, 
and the Plymouth, or North Virginia Company. Under 
the former of these, the first permanent settlement was 
made at Jamestown (1607) ; and under its first governor, 
Lord Delaware, it attained a condition of considerable 
prosperity. By an arbitrary act of the king, the company 
was afterward dissolved, and Virginia made a royal prov- 
ince (1624). The East India Company, established by 
Queen Elizabeth (1600), was rechartered by James for an 
unlimited period (1609) ; and a short time afterward the 
first English factory was established at Surat (1612). 



3. What other plot was formed ? What means were adopted to carry it out ? 
How was it discovered ? 

4. What attempts at colonization were made? What companies were organ- 
ized ? What settlement was effected? Its condition under Delaware ? How did 
Virginia hecorne a royal province ? What other important events occurred ? 



162 THE STUART FAMILY. [A. ». 1615. 

5. During this period Sir Walter Ealeigh, who had 
originated these enterprises, was enduring the miseries of 
a hopeless imprisonment, the long and tedious hours of 
which he had relieved by the composition of his great work, 
the " History of the World." Being released in order that 
he might point out a gold-mine which he asserted to exist 
in Guiana (glie-ali 'noli) , and having failed in the expedi- 
tion, he was, on his return, beheaded, in pursuance of the 
sentence previously pronounced against him (1618). This 
act reflects a lasting disgrace upon James, who sacrificed 
this illustrious man to appease the anger of Spain, incensed 
by the attack which Ealeigh had made upon some of the 
Spanish settlements in South America. 
J 6. One of the worst characteristics of this monarch was 
liis proneness to attach himself to unworthy favorites, the 
first of whom was Eobert Carr, a young Scotchman, on 
whom James for several years lavished the most profuse 
favors, finally bestowing upon him the title of the Earl of 
Somerset (1612). His fall occurred a short time after- 
ward; for being concerned, with his wife, previously 
Countess of Essex, in the murder of Sir Thomas Over- 
bury in the Tower, the guilty pair were tried and convicted, 
but were pardoned by the king, and afterward lived in 
total obscurity. James had previously transferred his 
favors to a young man named George Villiers (vil'yerz), 
of good family, engaging manners, and fine personal ap- 
pearance (1615). The infatuation of the monarch in re- 
gard to this new minion was unbounded ; and in the 
course of a few years he was created Viscount Villiers, sub- 
sequently earl and marquis, and finally Duke of Bucking 
ham. He soon gained an infamous notoriety by his arro- 
gance and profligacy. 



5. What led to the execution of Sir Walter Raleigh? Why does it reflect dis- 
grace upon Jaines? 

6. What is said of Robert Carr ? What led to his fall ? What is said of George 
Villiers? 



A. D. 1621.] THE STUAKT FAMILY. 163 

7. James, although of a pusillanimous disposition, was 
very persistent in upholding the royal prerogative. His 
arbitrary acts and principles, however, met with decided 
opposition from the Parliament of 1621, who declared their 
privileges to be the ancient and undoubted birthright of 
the English people ; which bold declaration so incensed 
the king, that he sent for the journals of the Commons, 
and tore the record out with his own hands. The same 
parliament impeached the celebrated Lord Bacon, Viscount 
St. Albans and Chancellor. His prodigality and fondness 
for ostentation and luxury had plunged him into great ex- 
penses, to defray which he had taken bribes from suitors 
in his court. He confessed his guilt, and was sentenced 
to pay a fine of £10,000, to dismissal from all his offices, 
and imprisonment in the Tower. In consideration of his 
many merits, the king released him from prison, and re- 
mitted the fine. He survived his disgrace five years, dur- 
ing which he prosecuted those studies in philosophy and 
science from which he obtained so splendid and enduring 
a fame. 

8. James, who by his reckless extravagance was always 
in want of money, was anxious to bring about a marriage 
between his son Charles and the Infanta of Spain, expect- 
ing that a large dowry would be paid with her. To this 
the nation was much opposed, on account of the religion 
of the princess ; but it was favored by the Duke of Buck- 
ingham. The latter conceived the romantic project of a 
journey to Spain by Prince Charles and himself in dis- 
guise, so that the former might pay his addresses in person 
to the princess. To this the king reluctantly consented, 
fearing for the safety of the Prince of Wales, whom he 
ufced to call " Baby Charles." On their way they visited 



7 



V7. How was James opposed by Parliament? What was done by the king? 
Who was impeached ? What is said of Lord Bacon ? 

o. What was the king anxious to do ? Why? What project was undertaken? 
What visit was made, and who was seen by Charles ? 



1C4 THE STUART FAMILY. [A. ». 1625. 

the French court, where Charles first saw the French 
princess Henrietta Maria, whom he subsequently married. 

9. The King of Spain treated his visitors with great 
respect; but the levity, insolence, and extravagant be- 
havior of Buckingham disgusted everybody at the Spanish 
court, so that, finding himself an object of great dislike, 
he determined to prevent the match, and, on returning to 
England, it was publicly renounced, greatly to the joy of 
the people. Buckingham, to clear himself from censure, 
made a false statement to Parliament, accusing the Span- 
ish court of insincerity ; and to this the young prince, 
equally untruthful, gave his assent. 

10. A treaty was soon afterward made with France, one 
of the terms of which was the marriage of Charles to Hen- 
rietta Maria. Before it was completed, however, the king 
was suddenly seized with illness, and expired, in the fifty- 
ninth year of his age, after a reign of twenty-two years 
(1625). One of the most important events of this period 
was a new translation of the Bible. It was executed under 
the patronage of the king, and by a number of learned men 
designated by him. It was published in 1611 ; and having i 
superseded other versions, continues to be the English Bi- 
ble in general use among Protestants. 

11. The Puritans — so called from their strict principles 
and austerity of life — greatly increased in numbers and 
influence during this reign. Their public preachings were 
directed against the dissoluteness, levity, and luxury of the 
times, and particularly inculcated a more serious observ- 
ance of the Sabbath, which had previously been a day of 
pleasure and pastime. Some of them, disgusted with the 
king's high-handed measures, especially against those who 
refused to conform to the established church, emigrated to 

9. What was Buckingham's conduct in Spain? How did he screen himself 
from censure '? 

10. What treaty was afterward made ? When did the king die ? What impor- 
tant event is referred to? 

11. What is said ol the Puritans ? Whither did some of them emigrate ? 






A. ». 1625.] THE STUART FAMILY. 1G5 

Holland, and afterward to New England, where they made 
a settlement at Plymouth (1620). ~ /L 
1625 ^' Charles I. — The second son of James sue- 
to ceeded him, his eldest son Henry* having died some 
years previously. Shortly after his accession, 
Charles completed his marriage with Henrietta Maria, 
whom he had previously espoused by proxy in France, and 
who was escorted to England by the Duke of Bucking- 
ham. The conduct of Charles toward the Infanta had 
greatly incensed the Spanish monarch, and war had been 
declared. To prosecute this war, the king summoned a 
Parliament, and asked for a vote of supplies. This the 
Commons, wiio were determined to assert their privileges, 
under the leadership of many distinguished men, among 
whom were Sir Edward Coke, Sir Thomas Wentworth, and 
Sir John Eliot, refused to grant, unless Charles would re- 
linquish some of the prerogatives which had been exercised 
by his father, and which he still claimed as his hereditary 
right. Charles, therefore, dissolved the Parliament, and 
proceeded to levy money by his own authority. 

13. These forced loans, called tonnage and poundage\ 
and sliip-money,X gave great offence to the people, whose 
discontent was still further increased by the conduct of 
Buckingham, through whose influence a war was under- 
taken against France, and an expedition sent to Eochelle 
(ro-shel') to aid the Huguenots, then assailed by Richelieu 
(reesli e-lu) . Buckingham himself assumed the command, 
but managed the affair so badly that nothing was accom- 
plished; and in a few months he returned to England, 

* Tt was for this young prince that Raleigh composed his " History of the World." He was 
amiable, intelligent, and well-disposed ; and his death was greatly lamented. 

+ Tonnage and poundage were duties on imported merchandise which it had been customary to 
allow the king to levy since the reign of Edward III. The Parliament of 1625 refused, however, 
to jrrant this privilege to the king for a longer period than one year. 

X Ship-money was an arbitrary tax levied on the seaports for the equipment of a fleet. 
Charles extended it over the whole kinsdom. 



12. Who succeeded James I. ? Whom did Charles marry ? What led to a war 
with Spain ? What difficulty with Parliament broke out? Who were prominent 
leaders among the Commons? 

13. What gave offence to the people? What unfortunate expedition took 
place ? 



166 THE STUART FAMILY. [A. B. 1G29. 

having lost the greater part of his forces, and was univer- 
sally reprobated for his rashness and folly (1627). 

14. In a Parliament called a few months afterward 
Charles met with more determined opposition, although 
many of the former members had been made to suffer for 
their boldness by imprisonment and other oppressive 
measures of the court. Charles attempted intimidation, 
but the spirit of liberty was not to be thus crushed. In a 
bill called the Petition of Right* the Commons emphatic- 
ally asserted the privileges which had been conferred upon 
them by Magna Charta and other ancient statutes ; and to 
this bill the king was forced to give his assent (1628). 

15. Soon after- this, one cause of popular discontent was 
removed by the assassination of the. Duke of Buckingham 
at Portsmouth, whither he had gone to superintend the 
preparations for a second expedition against France. The 
murderer, one Felton, who had served under the duke as 
lieutenant, but had failed in his application for promotion, 
was immediately apprehended, and soon afterward exe- 
cuted. The command of the French expedition was con- 
ferred on the Earl of Lindesey ; but it reached Rochelle 
too late to afford any assistance to the Huguenots, who 
were obliged to surrender the town in sight of the English 
admiral (1628). 

16. Another session of Parliament having taken place 
(1629), and the membersf still proving refractory, the king- 
dissolved it, and determined to rule without a Parliament, 
continuing the illegal- exactions which had already made 

* The Petition of Eir/ht was an emphatic statement of the privileges of the people as conferred 
by previous enactments. It is regarded as the second great charter of English liberty. 

t Among these was Other Cromicell, who. on this his first appearance in Parliament, attracted 
considerable notice by the plainness of his dress, his clownish manners, and his intense zeal in 
favor of the Puritans. He was the son of Robert Cromwell, and was born at Huntingdon, 
April 2f>th, 1599. At the ajre of seventeen he was sent to the University ol Cambridge, but re- 
mained there only a short time. He afterward settled at Huntingdon, and carried on ihe busi- 
ness of a brewer; but on receiving a handsome legacy he abandoued it. 



14. What was done in the next Parliament ? What was the Petition of Right. ? 

15. How and by whom was Buckingham assassinated? Who received com- 
mand of the French expedition ? What was its result ? 

16. What resolve did Charles adopt, and why? How did he punish the refrac- 
tory members ? Who died in prison ? Effect of this ? 



A.». 1629.] THE STUART FAMILY. 167 

him so unpopular. He also, principally by means of the 
Star Chamber,* attempted to punish such of the members 
of Parliament as had made themselves particularly ob- 
noxious to him. Some of them were fined for what was 
called their seditious language and behavior, and refusing 
to pay the fines, were imprisoned. The death of Sir John 
Eliot in prison greatly increased the popular indignation, 
all regarding him as a martyr to the cause of English 
liberty. 

17. Charles, however, adopted the policy of choosing 
some of his ministers from among the popular leaders, 
one of whom, Sir Thomas Wentworth, was created Earl 
of Strafford, aud soon became the principal minister of the 
king. All who accepted any of these royal favors were 
viewed as traitors by the popular party, and pursued with 
the bitterest hatred, more especially by the Puritan lead- 
ers, toward whom Charles, under the influence of his 
queen, pursued a course of studied hostility. He renewed 
the edict of his father allowing sports and recreations on 
Sunday, and ordered the proclamation to be read by the 
clergy after divine service, punishing all such as refused 
obedience. This was a cause of great scandal to the austere 
Puritans, who were very rigid in the observance of thj 
Sabbath, and preached against the popular pastimes — 
plays, dancing, May-festivals, etc. — common at this time. 

18. Under the influence of Archbishop Laud, the lit- 
urgy was altered, and the ritual increased by the addition 
of many of the ceremonial observances of the Church of 
Rome ; and this was also a cause of great displeasure to the 

* The Court of Star Chnmher was of very ancient origin, and derived its name from the 
chamber of the king's palace at Westminster in which it used to hold its sessions, the ceiling 
of this apartment being decorated with stars. It had very extensive powers, both civil and 
criminal, and could adjudge cases without the intervention of a jury. Hence it became a for- 
midable instrument of tyranny. It was abolished by act of Parliament in 1641. 



17. What policy was adopted by Charles? Who became Earl of Strafford? 
Effect of receiving the roval favors ? The Puritans ? Sunday laws ? To whom 
offensive ? Why ? 

18. What other measures were adopted? What was the effect? What wa3 
the conduct of the Scots ? 



168 THE STUAET FAMILY. [A. ». 1640. 

Puritans as well as to the Protestants in general. Many 
of the former, chiefly of the sect styled Independents, to 
avoid a conformity with the established church, which 
the laws required, emigrated to New England, and founded 
Massachusetts, and other colonies in that country. Charles 
also attempted to impose this liturgy upon the Scottish 
t people; but on the first attempt to read it in Edinburgh, 
a tumult arose among the people, during which the Bishop 
had a stool thrown at him, and on leaving the church 
narrowly escaped from the enraged populace (1637). 

19. The king insisting upon obedience, and issuing a 
proclamation to enforce it, an insurrection ensued; and 
the famous Covenant was formed and signed, according to 
which the Scottish people bound themselves to unite for 
their mutual defence, and to resist all religious innova- 
tions (1638). With his accustomed weakness and insin- 
cerity, Charles first attempted partial concessions; but 
these proving ineffectual, war ensued, Richelieu, who was 
then at the head of the French government, fomenting 
the animosities of the Scots, in revenge for the previous 
interference of Charles in the affairs of France. 

20. The advantages were on the side of the Covenanters; 
and Charles, to obtain supplies, was obliged to have re- 
course to that Parliament which he had failed to summon 
during more than eleven years. The same spirit of oppo- 
sition being manifested, he dissolved it after a session of 
three weeks (May, 1640); and having resorted to the same 
illegal expedients as before to raise money, he marched with 
a considerable army against the Covenanters. The latter 
invaded England, and after defeating a detachment of the 
royal forces at the Tyne River, took possession of Newcastle. 

21. This compelled the king to call a new Parliament; 

19. What led to the signing of the "Covenant?" What was it? How was 
war brought on ? 

20. Wnat led to the calling of the Parliament? The result? Subsequent 
events ? 

2 1 . What was next done by the king ? What was this Parliament called ? Its 
measures ? 



A. D. 1641.] THE STUART FAMILY. 109 

but the elections resulted in favor of the popular party ; 
and on the assembling of this body (Nov. 3d, 1640), 
memorable as the " Long Parliament," Charles found his 
authority confronted with the same spirit of sturdy inde- 
pendence and opposition, which he had so often experi- 
enced. The first act of the Commons was to impeach the 
Earl of Strafford, so odious to them on account of his 
desertion of their cause, and as the ready instrument of 
the king's most obnoxious measures. Archbishop Laud 
was also impeached, and both were taken into custody to 
await their trial. 

22. That of Strafford lasted thirteen days; and such 
were the eloquence and ability which he displayed in his 
defence, that his enemies, despairing of his conviction by 
the House of Lords, abandoned the impeachment, and 
resorted to the expedient of a, Bill of Attainder.* This 
they carried through the House of Commons with but 
few dissenting voices, and the popular excitement was so 
great that the Peers also were induced to pass it, but by a 
small vote (May 7th, 1641). The king at first refused to 
give his assent; but the loud clamors and measures of the 
populace made him irresolute, and after the Earl had 
written to him generously requesting that he would not 
allow his personal regard for him to weigh against the 
wishes of his subjects, and stating that he was willing to be 
a sacrifice for the removal of the present troubles, Charles 
weakly and ungratefully assented to the bill. 

23. When informed of the royal assent, Strafford started 
up, and exclaimed, in the words of Scripture, " Put not 

* By a Bill of Attainder, a person is pronounced guilty by act of Parliament, which is passed 
as other laws with the consent of King Lords, and Commons. In an impeachment the Com- 
mons are only the accusers, and the Peers are the judges. Such bills were frequently resorted 
to in the reign of Henry VIII', to convict persons who could not have been proved guilty by the 
ordinary process of the courts. The following is the entry on the Journals in regard to Straf- 
ford's case: "April 19th, 1611. Resolved upon question, that the endeavor of Thomas, Earl of 
Strafford, to subvert the ancient fundamental laws of the realms of England and Ireland, and 
to introduce an arbitrary tyrannical government against law, is high treason." 



22. What is said of the trial of Strafford? What expedient was adopted? 
What induced Charles to give his assent ? 

23. What was Strafford's hehavior? What is said of his execution? His 
character ? Charles's conduct ? 

8 



170 THE STUART FAMILY. [A. ». 1641. 

your trust iu princes, nor in the sons of men !" In three 
days he was brought to the block, passing to which he 
stopped under the window of Laud's prison to receive his 
blessing. The prelate raised his hand to pronounce it; 
but grief choked his utterance, and he fell senseless on the 
floor. Strafford acted on the scaffold with great dignity 
and composure. His execution took place in the presence 
of a vast multitude, who subsequently expressed their joy 
by illuminations and bonfires (May 12th, 16-11). Al- 
though convicted by a most arbitrary and unjust measure, 
he was without doubt an enemy to his country's liberty; 
but Charles, who most cowardly deserted his friend, was 
afterward convinced of the weakness of his conduct, and 
deeply repented of it. 

24. Meanwhile, Parliament continued its vigorous meas- 
ures for protection and reform. A bill was passed that it 
should not be adjourned, prorogued, or dissolved without 
its own consent ; the Star Chamber was abolished, and the 
jurisdiction of the king's council abridged. These pro- 
ceedings, together with the success of the Covenanters in 
Scotland, excited a spirit of opposition in Ireland against 
the English Parliament; which, through its intense hos- 
tility to the Eoman Catholic worship, was in that country 
an object of fear and suspicion. Commissioners were 
sent to the king to demand religious toleration ; and 
Charles, feeling it to be for his interest to conciliate 
them, gave them a favorable reception. The Irish, how- 
ever, rose in insurrection; and the English settlers were 
massacred by thousands with every circumstance of bar- 
barity. The ancient English planters, called the ''English 
of the Pale," also joined with the natives in this dreadful 
revolt and massacre. 

25. The Commons accused Charles of encouraging this 

24. What further measures were adopted by Parliament? Effect of them in 
Ireland? Conduct of Charles toward the Irish Commissioners J What massacre 
occurred in Ireland i 

2.5. What course did the Commons pursue? The populace? Who were called 
4 * Cavaliers ?" . " Roundheads i" 1 



A. D. 1641.] THE STUAET FAMILY. 171 

rebellion, and, therefore, instead of voting supplies to the 
king, they levied money, and took arms from the magazines, 
ostensibly for its suppression, but secretly kept them as a 
reserve for future opposition to the royal authority. To 
vindicate their open mistrust of the king, they adopted 
and published a "Kemonstrance" to the people against the 
various measures of his reign, artfully fanning, in every 
way, the popular feeling against him, as well as against the 
established church, the bishops, and others connected 
with what was styled prelacy. Multitudes flocked to West- 
minster, insulted the lords and bishops, and insolently 
threatened the king himself. Those who favored the 
royal cause were styled " Cavaliers ;" while these bestowed 
on the rabble who clamored against the king, the appel- 
lation of "Roundheads," in derision of their cropped hair. 
26. The bishops, being prevented from attending Parlia- 
ment, protested against the illegality of its acts; and on this 
account they were impeached by the Commons and com- 
mitted to custody. A few days afterward, the king was 
betrayed into taking a step which injured him greatly in 
the opinion of the well-disposed part of his subjects, and 
promoted the objects of his enemies. This was the im- 
peachment of Lord Kimbolton and five distinguished 
members of the House of Commons, including Hamp- 
den* and Pym,f charging them with conspiring to alien- 
ate from him the affections of his subjects, to subvert the 
rights of the Parliament, to excite the disobedience of the 
army, and to extort the consent of the majority in Parlia- 

* John Hampden had been very prominent in opposing the illegal exactions of the govern- 
ment. In 1627, he was imprisoned for refusing to pay his proportion of the loan levied by the 
king's sole authority; and in 1636, he resolutely refused to pay any of the ship-money, and was 
prosecuted and convicted by the government. His opposition to Charles in Parliament, had 
been very open and decided. 

t John Pi/in was one of the most conspicuous and talented of the Parliamentary leaders. 
During the latter part of the reign of James I., he became noted for his vigorous opposition to 
the arbitrary measures of the Court; and in the succeeding reign, until his death in 1643, 
evinced the same earnest regard for his county's liberty. His fearless spirit, fervid eloquence, 
and thorough knowledge of Parliamentary business gave him so great an influence, that he 
received from his party the title of " King Pym.-' 



26. What was done by the bishops, and with what result ? What false step 
did Charles take ? 



172 THE STUART FAMILY. [A. D. 1642. 

ment by the aid of mobs. A sergeant-at-arms afterward 
demanded from the House the surrender of the five mem- 
bers, but could obtain no answer to the demand; and 
royal messengers were despatched to seize them. 

27. To add to the difficulty, the king came himself to 
the House attended by an armed retinue, and demanded 
that the obnoxious members should be pointed out. But 
the Speaker, Lent'hall, refused to comply, boldly declaring 
that he was the servant of the House, and could act only 
in accordance with its directions. The king, therefore, re- 
tired without effecting his purpose, amid the low murmurs 
of " Privilege ! privilege V from the indignant members. 
This arbitrary act excited universal opposition ; and the 
citizens of London were the whole night in arms, deter- 
mined to protect at all hazards the rive members from 
arrest. Hampden, who had made a bold stand five years 
before against the payment of ship-money, was particularly 
dear to the people ; and four thousand horsemen went to 
London to testify their devotion to him (1642). 

.28. The king, obliged to abandon his prosecution of the 
members, formally pardoned them, and offered an apology 
to the House for the breach of privilege which he had 
committed. The latter, aware that it could only preserve 
its newly-acquired power by the sword, made preparations 
for the impending struggle. The magazine at Hull was 
seized by one of its adherents, the command of the Tower 
was bestowed on another, and a bill was passed giving the 
control of the militia entirely to the Commons. But 
Charles, finding himself supported by a considerable party, 
refused his assent to the bill, and issued a proclamation 
against the attempted usurpation. 

29. This brought matters to an issue. The king and his 
counsellors determined to resist the demands of Parliament, 

27. What account is givea of the king's visit to the Parliament ? The result J 
What honor was shown to Hampden? 

28. The further course of the king J Of the Commons ? What followed ? 
2'». How was the civil war inaugurated? Whom did the Royalists include? 

The Iiouudheads ? Who were the Independents I 



A.D. 1G13.] THE STUART FAMILY. 173 

which amounted to no less than the annihilation of the 
royal authority; and collecting what forces he could, 
Charles erected his standard at Nottingham — the signal 
of civil war throughout the kingdom (August 22, 1642). 
The royalists, or cavaliers, included the greater part of the 
nobility, clergy, and landed gentry, with all who were at- 
tached to the established church, and also the Catholics. 
The Roundheads, or supporters of Parliament, were chiefly 
composed of the yeomanry of the country, the townspeople, 
and the dissenters or Puritans. Of the latter, the sect 
called Independents were particularly hostile to the mon- 
archy as well as to the established church. 

30. The Parliamentary forces were at first led by the 
Earl of Essex, son of Elizabeth's favorite, and a general of 
considerable skill and experience. The command of the 
royal army was intrusted to the Earl of Lindesey; the 
cavalry was commanded by the king's nephew, the famous 
Prince Rupert;* and it was the latter who commenced 
the war, by routing a body of the parliamentary cavalry at 
Worcester. The first general engagement took place at 
Edgehill, and Lindesey was mortally wounded and taken 
prisoner, but there was no decided victory on either side 
(1642). In a skirmish the next year, the illustrious Hamp- 
den was mortally wounded, and his loss was felt as a severe 
blow to the popular party. 

31. During this year (1643), the Royalists, under Prince 
Rupert, gained some advantages in the west; and a general 
engagement took place at Newbury, but with no decided 
result. The Royalists lost one of their chief supporters in 
the brave and eloquent Lord Falkland (fazvh'land), who, 

* Prince Rupert was the son of Frederick. Elector-Palatine, and Elizabeth, daughter of 
James I. ; so that Charles I. was his uncle. He was not only prominent in this war, hut after- 
ward acquired great distinction as a naval commander. Subsequently, he became noted for his 
researches in science and the useful arts 



30. Who was the leader of the Parliamentary forces? Of the royal army ? Of its 
cavalry? When did the fir&t general engagement occur? Its result? Death of 
Hampden ? 

31. Operations of Prince Rupert? Battle of Newbury? What loss did the 
Royalists sustain? What is said of Falkland? 



174 THE STUAET FAMILY. [A. D. 1644. 

while he had at first firmly and patriotically opposed the 
unjust pretensions of the king, stood by him when the at- 
tempt was made to deprive him of his legal authority. He 
held, at his death, the office of Secretary of State, and in 
that position had won a high reputation for the able papers 
in which he advocated the royal cause. 

32. The Parliament entered into negotiations with Scot- 
land to bring about a combination of their forces against 
the king ; and, principally through the skill and address 
of Sir Henry Yane, who had been sent as a commissioner 
to Edinburgh, a " solemn league and covenant" was entered 
into, by which the Scottish people renewed the pledges of 
the previous covenant, and bound themselves to assist the 
cause of the English Parliament. A large army of Scots 
was accordingly sent into England ; but this was counter- 
balanced by a considerable force which the king succeeded 
in obtaining from Ireland (1643). 

33. Lord Fairfax, who commanded the Parliamentary 
forces in the north, formed a junction with the Scotch, 
under Leslie, Earl of Leven, and laid siege to York; but 
the arrival of Prince Eupert with a considerable army 
raised the siege, and led to the battle of Mar don Moor, in 
which the Koyalists, under the Marquis of Newcastle, 
sustained a severe defeat, principally through the skill and 
activity of Oliver Cromivell, by whom Prince Rupert's 
cavalry was routed and his artillery captured (July 2, 1644). 
The prince had insisted on giving battle to the Parlia- 
mentary army contrary to the advice and wishes of New- 
castle; and, after the disastrous result, that nobleman 
abandoned the royal cause and left the kingdom. His 
courage, talents, and nobleness of character made him the 
ornament of the court and of his order; and consequently 

32. What league was formed with Scotland? Through whose influence? 
What forces were brought into England ? 

33. What led to the battle of Marston Moor? Its result? Who abandoned 
the royal cause ? Why ? Character of New casile ? What other operations are 
related ? 



A. ». 1644.] THE STUART FAMILY, 175 

his loss was a severe blow to the king. In the south, the 
Royalists met with some successes over the Parliamentary 
forces under Essex and Sir William Waller ; but another 
army, under the Earl of Manchester, defeated Charles in 
the second battle of Newbury, and compelled him to retreat 
to Oxford (Oct. 27, 1644). 

34. For some time previous to this, the sect denominated 
Independents had been growing in influence. They held 
that every congregation formed a church by itself, and was 
independent of all general assemblies or synods, having 
the right to elect its own pastor and make all needful rules 
for its own government. They were often called the "Root- 
and-branch men," since they advocated the entire abolition 
of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic. To 
these belonged Oliver Cromwell and Sir Henry Vane, and 
through their influence a bill, styled the "Self-denying 
Ordinance,"* was passed by Parliament, which forbade any 
of its members from holding command in the army. 

35. Essex, Manchester, Waller, and others, therefore 
resigned their commissions ; and Sir Thomas Fairfax f was 
appointed commander-in-chief. Crom well, although a mem- 
ber of Parliament, artfully contrived to obtain permission to 
continue in the army, and was made lieutenant, but soon 
became, in fact, the general of the entire army, Fairfax being 
merely an instrument in his hands. Under his management, 
every regiment assumed the appearance of the most intense 
piety ; officers and men met regularly for religious exercises ; 
and they sang hymns as they advanced to battle. Soon 
after this, a very decisive victory was gained over the king's 

* After the king departed from London, the Parliament passed bills without the king's con- 
Bent; and, instead of "Acts of Parliament," styled them " Ordinances." Many of tliem were 
much more arbitrary and oppressive than any of the measures of Charles. 

t Sir Thomas Fairfax was the son of Lord Fairfax, under whom he served in the operations 
which took place in the north, and in which he gained great distinction, especially in the battle 
of Marston Moor. He succeeded to the title of his father in 1648. 



34. What is said of the Independent?? What were they often called? What 
was the »* Self-denying Ordinance ?" 

35. Who resigned their commissions ? What did Cromwell do ? Effect of his 
policy ? Battle of Naseby ? 



176 THE STUART FAMILY. [A. ». 1G47, 

forces at ISTaseby (naze'be), chiefly through the skill and 
valor of Cromwell (June 14. 1645). 

36. After this battle, many of the towns which were 
held by the Eoyalists surrendered to Fairfax, who at last 
laid siege to Bristol, then occupied by Prince Rupert. 
This too was finally taken, and Charles, after other dis- 
asters, fled to Newark, and thence escaped to Oxford. 
The armies under Fairfax and Cromwell soon afterward 
reduced all the western and middle counties to submission; 
and the Earl of Montrose in Scotland, who had gained 
several important victories over the Covenanters, was 
finally vanquished. Meanwhile, Archbishop Laud was, by 
an " ordinance" of Parliament, as it was called, tried for 
treason, condemned, and executed (Jan. 10, 1645). 

37. The king being now reduced to the greatest extrem- 
ity, resolved to leave Oxford, which was on the point of 
falling into the hands of Fairfax, and to yield himself up 
to the Scottish army at Newark, knowing that the Scots 
had already gained everything for which they had con- 
tended, and that they had become disgusted with the 
dominant influence of the Independents in Parliament. 
He was received with respect, but treated as a prisoner, 
and compelled to issue orders for the surrender of all his 
remaining garrisons (May, 1646). The Parliament desir- 
ing to gain possession of the fallen monarch, at last agreed 
to pay the Scots £400,000, in lieu of all demands, on con- 
dition that he should be given up; and accordingly he 
was surrendered to the English commissioners (Jan. 30, 
1647). 

38. Discontents having arisen in the army on account 
of the neglect with which it was treated by Parliament, 
Cromwell and those leagued with him secretly encouraged 

36. What followed this battle ? Earl of Montrose ? Execution of Archbishop 
Laud » 

3 7 . What course did the king adopt ? Why ? How was he treated ? To whom 
was he surrendered, and why? 

38. How did Cromwell and hi* colleagues gain control of affairs * How was 
Charles treated ': Whither did he escape ? 



A. ». 1648.] THE STUART FAMILY. 177 

them; and in order to obtain control of affairs, took the 
king by force from the Parliament commissioners, and 
placed him under the protection of the army. This being 
resented by Parliament and its adherents in London, the 
leaders marched the army into the city, and reduced both 
it and the parliament to submission. Charles was treated 
by his captors with respect and kindness; but, escaping 
from the confinement in which he was held, he fled to the 
Isle of Wight, where he was kept a prisoner by the gov- 
ernor in Carisbrook Castle. 

39. Under the direction of Cromwell and the other army 
officers, Parliament now made proposals of settlement to 
the king; and these being rejected by him, voted that no 
further addresses should be made to him, thus practically 
dethroning him altogether (January 13, 1648). He was 
then shut up in close confinement, and all correspondence 
Avith his friends was strictly prohibited. This treatment 
of the king greatly displeased the Scots; and the Scottish 
Parliament having voted to raise an army to support his 
authority, preparations were made to invade England and 
form a combination with the Royalists. While Cromwell 
and the army were exerting themselves to oppose these 
efforts, the Presbyterians in Parliament regained their 
power, and annulling its previous acts, again entered into 
negotiations with the king. 

40. A treaty was at last made with him, and adopted by 
a considerable majority in the House of Commons; but 
Cromwell, in the mean time, had defeated the Scots, and 
the council of officers causing the parliament-house to be 
surrounded with two regiments of soldiers, under Col. 
Pride, formerly a drayman, excluded all who were not 
favorable to their views (Dec. 6, 1648). This measure, 
called '' Col. Pride's Purge," reduced the Parliament to 



39. What was the next measure of Parliament ? Its result? What was clone 
with Charles ? Effect of this on the Scots ? What was clone by the Presbyterians ? 

40. What led to Colonel Pride's Purge ? Its effect ? 



178 THE STUART PAAIILY. [A. ». 1649. 

about fifty members, by whom the vote in favor of the 
treaty was rescinded, and a trial of the king ordered on 
the charge of treason against the people. 

41. A court was accordingly organized to try him. 
It consisted of one hundred and thirty-three members, 
among whom were the chief officers of the army, includ- 
ing Cromwell; and was presided over by John Bradshaw, 
a lawyer. Its sessions were held at Westminster Hall, and 
the king was called upon to answer to the charges brought 
against him. Charles acted with the courage and dignity 
becoming his character. He refused to acknowledge the 
jurisdiction of the court, though thrice brought before it; 
and demanded a conference with Parliament. This was 
refused, and sentence of death was pronounced against 
him. Three days afterward, in front of the banqueting- 
hall of Whitehall Palace, he was beheaded (January 30, 
1649). 

42. The character of Charles I. was in many respects 
worthy of commendation. In the private relations of life 
his conduct was quite exemplary, being entirely free from 
those vices which so often sully the character of kings. 
As a monarch, his principal fault was insincerity, by 
which he lost the confidence of his people; for he gave 
his assent to measures of reform which he subsequently 
endeavored to evade. His arbitrary policy finds some 
apology in the fact that his predecessors had exercised the 
same powers which he claimed; but his prudence and 
moderation were not sufficient to convince him that the 
great change which had taken place in the sentiments of 
the people necessitated a corresponding change in the 
royal pretensions; since the influence of authority can 
never prevail over that, of public opinion. 



41. What account is given of the trial of Charles? His behavior ? His exe- 
cution ? 

42. What is said of the character of Charles I. ? 



A. D. 1649.] THE STUAKT FAMILY. 179 

1649 ^' l ^ l * ie Commonwealth. — The Scots had 

to protested against the trial and execution of the 
1660 king, and foreign nations had interceded in his 
behalf. The Prince of Wales, anxious to save his father's 
life, sent a blank sheet of paper, subscribed with his name 
and sealed with his arms, on which the judges might 
write what conditions they pleased, as the price of the 
king's release; but these men were not to be moved from 
their purpose. A few days after the execution of the king, 
the Commons voted to abolish the House of Lords as well 
as the monarchy, declared it high treason to acknowledge 
Charles, the Prince of Wales, King of England, and or- 
dered a new seal to be engraved with the legend, " The 
first year of freedom by God's Messing restored, 1648." 

44. Having thus made an entire change in the outward 
form of government, the Commons next appointed a 
Council of State, consisting of forty-one members; and 
of this the regicide Bradshaw was made president. The 
real head of the government, however, was Oliver Crom- 
well, who with Desborough, his brother-in-law, Ire'ton, his 
son-in-law, and others, wielded the power of the army, 
then nearly 50,000 strong. Affairs in Scotland and Ire- 
land^ first claimed their attention. In the former, Charles 
II. Iliad been proclaimed king; and in the latter the au- 

* thority of the Parliament was defied, and a civil war had 
for some time been raging. 

45. Cromwell, as Lord- Lieutenant, having almost sub- 
dued the rebellion in Ireland, by the most dreadful slaugh- 
ter of the insurgents, next proceeded to Scotland, where 
the young king had landed, and was supported by a con- 
siderable army, partly consisting of English Eoyalists. 
Cromwell marched to Edinburgh, but found it too strongly 

43. What had been done to prevent the execution of the king? What vote 
of Parliament followed it ? The new seal ? 

44. What was next done by the Commons? Who was the real head of the 
government. ? What had taken place in Scotland and Ireland ? 

45. What was accomplished by Cromwell in Ireland? In Scotland? 



180 THE STUART FAMILY. [A. D. 1G51. 

fortified to be attacked. His position on the sea-shore, 
near Dunbar, was very critical; for he was unable to 
advance or retreat, and was cut off from any supplies. 
The Scots, however, rashly marched to attack him, and 
were most disastrously defeated, the greater number of them 
being either killed or captured (Sept. 3, 1650). Edinburgh 
immediately surrendered, and the remnant of the Scottish 
army fled to Stirling. 

46. Charles, a few months after this, was crowned at 
Scone ; * but becoming disgusted with the restraint under 
which he was kept by the Covenanters, he resolved to 
march into England, expecting to obtain there large acces- 
sions to his army. But in this he was disappointed; and 
being promptly pursued by Cromwell, was defeated at Wor- 
cester (woos'ter), where the whole Scottish army was either 
killed or taken prisoners (Sept. 3, 1651), the few that es- 
caped from the battle-field being massacred by the country 
people, from national antipathy. This was styled by Crom- 
well his "crowning mercy." Charles escaped from Eng- 
land with great difficulty, being obliged to travel for two 
months in the disguise of a peasant. At one time he con- 
cealed himself for twenty-four hours in a large oak-tree, 
while his pursuers passed by. This tree was afterward 
known as the Royal Oak. 

47. The affairs of the English republic, under the admin- 
istration of the Parliament, continued to be prosperous. 
The Portuguese, who had aided Prince Rupert in making 
his escape, were humbled by Admiral Blake ; the subjuga- 
tion of Ireland was completed by Ireton, and Scotland 
was entirely reduced to submission by General Monk, 



* Near Perth. Very little of the ancient town now remains. Here the kings of Scotland 
were crowned, on a famous stone now preserved in Westminster Abbey. It was originally 
brought from Tara, the ancient seat of the Irish monarchs. 



46. What is said of Charles II. ? The battle of Worcester? Its consequences ? 
How did Charles escape ? 

47. What is said of the administration of Parliament? What was accom- 
plibhwd? What was done in Scotland by Monk? What other territories were 
subdued? 



A. D. 1653.] THE STUART FAMILY. 181 

whom Cromwell had left to complete the work commenced 
by the victory at Dunbar. The people were disarmed, the 
preachers silenced, and all opposition immediately quelled 
at the point of the sword. The American settlements, all 
of which except those of New England had adhered to the 
♦ king, were subdued, as were likewise the islands of Jersey 
and Guernsey, and the Isle of Man. The latter had been 
bravely and persistently defended by the Countess of Derby. 
This complete submission of the British territories left the 
parliament free to attend to foreign enterprises. 

48. The first of these was a war with the Dutch Repub- 
lic, which was provoked by the haughty behavior of the 
Dutch toward the English minister St. John, and the 
encouragement and hospitality shown toward the English 
Royalists. To cripple their commerce, the parliament 
passed the famous "Navigation Act/' prohibiting all na- 
tions from importing any merchandise into England or 
her colonies except in English ships, or in the ships of the 
country where the goods were produced (1651). By this law 
the Dutch were the chief sufferers, they being at this time 
the chief commercial nation of Europe. Admiral Blake, 
with an inferior force, encountered the Dutch fleet under 
Van Tromp; and the latter, after losing two of his ships, 
was compelled to retire (1652). 

49. Several engagements followed between Blake and 
the Dutch admirals Van Tromp and De Ruyter, in which 
both nations contended with the utmost skill and bravery 
for the mastery of the ocean: the balance of victory was, 
however, on the side of the English (1652-3). Meanwhile, 
Cromwell perceiving that the parliament had become jeal- 
ous of his power, determined to dissolve it. Accordingly, 
going to the House with a body of 300 soldiers, he loaded 
the members with the vilest reproaches, and bade them 

48 . What led to a war with Holland ? What measure was passed by Parliament ? 
Effect of this law ? What naval hattle occurred ? 

49. What other engagements followed ? With what results ? How did Crom- 
well dissolve the parliament ? 



182 TIIE STUART FAMILY. [A. D. 1654. 

" to be gone and give place to honester men." Seizing the 
mace, he exclaimed, " Take away this banble ! " Then 
commanding the soldiers to clear the hall, he ordered the 
doors to be locked; and putting the keys into his pocket, 
departed to his lodgings in Whitehall (April 20, 1653). 

50. Desiring, however, to preserve some of the forms of 
the republic, he issued writs for the election of 140 persons, 
who might constitute a parliament. These, by his man- 
agement, consisted of the meanest and most fanatical of 
the citizens ; one of whom, a leather-seller named Praise- 
God Barebone, having made himself conspicuous by his 
sanctimonious cant and long prayers, the Parliament was 
called, in derision, "Barebone's Parliament." Cromwell, 
however, soon dissolved this ridiculous assembly, and 
caused himself to be appointed " Lord Protector." He was 
to be assisted by a Council of State, and was bound to sum- 
mon a parliament every three years (Dec, 1653). 

51. A few months previously, Van Tromp, the distin- 
guished Dutch admiral, had been shot in an action with 
the English ; and the Dutch, terrified by their losses and 
overwhelmed with the expenses of the war, solicited peace. 
A treaty was finally signed by Cromwell, establishing a 
defensive league between the two republics, but yielding 
the honor of the flag to the English (1651). The admin- 
istration of the Protector was, in other respects, character- 
ized by extraordinary vigor and ability. He boasted that 
he would make the name of Englishman as much feared 
and respected as had anciently been that of Roman; and 
the uniform success of his military and naval enterprises 
went far to realize the saying. 

52. Under Blake, the English fleets achieved an unin 
terrupted series of victories. He subdued the Barbary 

50. What account is given of " Barebone , s Parliament?" What title did 
Cromwell obtain ? 

51. Death of Van Tromp? What treaty was made ? Administration of Crom- 
well ? Hi* boast? 

52. What was arhieved by Blake? His death and character ? What conquests 
were made daring the war? * 



A. D. 1658.] THE STUAET FAMILY. 183 

Powers (1655), and defeated the Spaniards in several impor- 
tant actions (1656-7). His death occurred in 1657. Blake 
was an inflexible republican, and, as such, he disapproved 
of the usurpations of Cromwell, notwithstanding the honors 
which the latter heaped upon him. During the war waged 
with Spain, the island of Jamaica was taken by an English 
squadron under Admirals Penn* and Venables (1655); 
and Dunkirk was captured from the Spaniards by the 
combined forces of France and England (1658), and, by 
agreement, delivered to Cromwell. 

53. Although prosperous abroad, the Protector was at 
home involved in very great difficulties. He had called 
two parliaments successively; but not finding them sub- 
servient to his views, he had promptly dissolved them 
(1554-6). His military enterprises had involved him in 
heavy debt; conspiracies, one after the other, were formed 
against his government; and discontents arose in the 
army itself. A book entitled " Killing no Murder," pub- 
lished by one Colonel Titus, and boldly advising the 
removal of the usurper by assassination, caused him there- 
after ceaseless apprehension and anxiety. He constantly 
wore armor under his clothes, and carried pistols in his 
pockets; scarcely ever slept three nights in the same chamber, 
or returned from anyplace by the same way which he went. 
At last this dreadful anxiety of mind, coupled with grief 
for the loss of a favorite daughter, brought on a fever, of 
which he expired (Sept. 3, 1658), — the anniversary of the 
day of his great victories at Dunbar and Worcester. 

54. Cromwell was in his sixtieth year when he died. 
He was of a robust frame of body, and of a manly, though 

* Father of the celebrated William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania. During: the reign of 
Charles II. he obtained a high command under the Dake of York, and acquired considerable 
distinction by his skill and valor. He was knighted by Charles for his services, in considera- 
tion of which also his son subsequently received the grant of land in North America which lie 
settled, and which was named after him. 



53. In what difficulties was Cromwell involved? What caused him anxiety? 
The effect of it ? His death ? 

54. His age ? Personal appearance ? Character? 



184 THE STUART FAMILY* [A.B.I 659. 

not an agreeable aspect. His eyes were grey and keen, his 
nose immoderately large, and of a deep red; and his man- 
ner uniformly abrupt and clownish. His character had 
very many traits of greatness. Xo one can gainsay the 
splendid talents which he displayed, both as a general and 
a statesman; and had he rightfully possessed the sovereign 
power, he would undoubtedly have compared favorably 
with any monarch that ever reigned, both for ability and 
uprightness of intentions. But his perverted ambition, 
not content with vindicating the liberties and redressing 
the grievances of his country, prompted him to "wade 
through slaughter to a throne;" and, therefore, instead of 
receiving the benedictions of his countrymen, he was exe- 
crated and abhorred. 

55. Richard Cromwell quietly succeeded his father 
in the office of Protector. He was a young man of no 
experience, and very little strength of character, though 
of a mild and virtuous disposition. His want of capacity 
for so difficult a position was soon manifest, notwithstand- 
ing the support which he received from General Monk, 
who commanded the army in Scotland, and from his 
brother Henry, as Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. A par- 
liament was called, but it having given offence to the army 
officers, the latter compelled Eichard to dissolve it (1659). 
Soon after this he signed his own abdication, and thus 
left the supreme authority to the army, who afterward ruled 
by a council of officers. 

56. The country was now threatened with a renewal of 
civil Avar; but General Monk, a man of great caution and 
reserve, marched into England with the avowed intention 
of restoring the parliament which Cromwell had violently 
expelled. This was accomplished, the members generally 
taking their places; and the Presbyterians and Royalists 

5 5. Who succeeded Oliver Cromwell? The character of Richard Cromwell? 
What led to his abdication ': 

56. What was done by Monk? What led to tho Restoration ? How was the 
kin^ received in London I 



A.». 1660.] THE STUAKT FAMILY. 185 

forming a coalition against the Independents. Under 
Monk's direction, this parliament was formally dissolved, 
and writs issued for the election of a new one. In the 
latter, a majority was found in favor of restoring the 
king; and when his messenger appeared, he was received 
with the greatest joy; the terms offered were at once ac- 
cepted, and the king was proclaimed with great solemnity 
by both Houses (May 8, 1660). A few days afterward, 
Charles entered London, amid the joyful acclamations 
of the citizens (May 29), and reascended the throne of 
his ancestors. This event is known in English history as 
the Restoration. 

1660 &1' Charles II. was thirty years old when, after 
to an exile of sixteen years, he was restored to his 
1678 throne. His cheerful disposition, and easy, graceful 
manners made 'him a very engaging person; and he won 
the hearts of all who approached him by his manly figure 
and his frankness and affability. Sir Edward Hyde, now 
created Earl of Clarendon, who had returned with the 
king from exile, was made chancellor and prime minister, 
and soon afterward became connected with the royal fam- 
ily by the marriage of his daughter, Anne Hyde, with the 
king's brother, James, Duke of York. General Monk was 
rewarded with the title of Duke of Albemarle. 

58. Among the first acts of the restored king's reign 
were the abolition of the last relic of the Eeudal System — 
the tenure of lands by knight's service,* the disbanding 
of Cromwell's army, and the restoration of the Church of 
England. An act was also passed pardoning all who had 
taken part in the Great Rebellion, except the regicide 

* This was originally an obligation imposed upon the holder of a certain extent of land, 
called a Knight's Fee, to perform the duties of a knijiht to his superior or lord. Afterward, a 
money compensation was allowed as an equivalent, which in time led to many abuses. 



57. What is paid of Charles II.? Who was made Chancellor? How related 
to the king ? How Avas General Monk rewarded ? 

5S. What were the first acts of this reign? Who were excepted from the 
general pardon ? Treatment of the regicides' remains ? What took place in 
Scotland f 



186 THE STUART FAMILY. [A. ». 1662. 

judges, six of whom were tried and executed. On the 
anniversary of the late king's death, the bodies of Crom- 
well, Ireton, and Bradshaw were disinterred, hanged on 
the gallows, then decapitated, and their heads fixed on 
Westminster Hall. With this exception, the king showed 
great moderation and clemency, and admitted into his 
council both Royalists and Presbyterians. In Scotland 
more severity was exercised, and the Marquis of Argyle 
was beheaded for having favored the usurped government. 

59. In compliance with the wishes of Charles and his 
minister, the "Act of Uniformity" was passed, requiring 
that every clergyman should be ordained by the bishops, 
and should declare his assent to everything contained in 
the Book of Common Prayer, and should abjure the Cov- 
enant. Two thousand clergymen were expelled from their 
livings for refusing obedience (1662). The "Corporation 
Act," passed at the same time, enjoined all magistrates and 
officers of corporations to take an oath never, under any 
circumstance, to resist the king's authority, or to take up 
arms against him. 

60. The most remarkable feature of this period was the 
entire change which took place in the sentiments of the 
people. During the reign of Charles I. they manifested 
the most intense zeal for liberty ; but now seemed eager to 
evince an equally extravagant spirit of submission. Under 
the control of the Puritans, they seemed to think that 
religion consisted in gloom, austerity, and the sacrifice of 
all social gayety and pleasure; but, going to the opposite 
extreme, they now plunged into riot and dissipation. 
Everything religious or serious was ridiculed; and noth- 
ing but scenes of gallantry and festivity occupied the 
general attention. The monarch set the example, and 
indulged himself in mirth and festivity, while those who 

59. The "Act of Uniformity?" How was obedience to it enforced? The 
" Corporation Act?' 1 

60. What change took place in the manners of the people ? What was Charles's 
conduct ? 



A.0. 1665.] THE STUART FAMILY. 187 

hud suffered in his father's cause were left to pine in 
neglect and wretchedness. 

61. In the third year of his reign, Charles married 
Catharine of Braganza, a Portuguese princess, with whom 
he received a large dowry; but finding her disposition 
serious and her manners formal and grave, he entirely 
neglected her for the society of his gay and dissolute 
companions. After a short time, his profusion and reck- 
less self-indulgence considerably abated the people's loy- 
alty ; and they could not forbear making comparisons 
between this slothful and licentious monarch and the 
great Protector who had made the name of England so 
glorious throughout the world by his careful and vigorous 
administration. Dunkirk, which had been acquired dur- 
ing that splendid period, was now sold to the French to 
supply means for the king's extravagant pleasures (1664). 
* 62. But scarcely any amount was found adequate for 
this purpose; and in order to obtain supplies from Parlia- 
ment, he recklessly plunged into a war with Holland, the 
avowed cause of the war being certain alleged wrongs 
committed by the Dutch against the English trade. Be- 
fore the war had been formally declared, a fleet sent out 
by the Duke of York took possession of New Netherlands 
in Xorth America (1664), and some of the Dutch settle- 
ments in Africa were captured. De Buyter retaliated by 
attacking Barbadoes and some of the other English de- 
pendencies. At the beginning of the war, a great naval 
battle was fought off the eastern coast of England, in 
which James, the Duke of York, assisted by Prince Bu- 
pert and the Earl of Sandwich, defeated the Dutch fleet 
with immense loss (1665). 

63. The French monarch (Louis XIY.) then took sides 

61. Marriage of Charles ? His treatment of the queen? Popular sentiments 
regarding Charles ? Sale of Dunkirk ? 

62. Why was war waged with Holland? Capture of New Netherlands ? Other 
settlements ? How did De Ruyter retaliate ? What naval battle was fought ? 

63. Course of Louis XIV.? The King of Denmark? What great naval en- 
gagement occurred ? Its result ? 



188 THE STUART FAMILY. [A.U.I 666. 

with the Dutch, alarmed lest the English might acquire 
an unlimited control of maritime affairs. The King of 
Denmark also declared war against England. The com- 
bined fleets of the allies, commanded by the great Dutch 
admiral De Ruyter and the Duke of Beaufort, were de- 
feated by those of the English, under the Duke of Albe- 
marle and Prince Eupert (1666). This battle lasted four 
days, and was one of the most terrific naval engagements 
ever fought : it occurred near the southeast coast. By it the 
English gained the unquestioned supremacy of the sea, and 
were able with impunity to insult the Dutch in their own 
harbors. _ 

64. During this war, the Great Plague broke out in 
London; and such was the awful mortality occasioned by 
it, that in the city alone the number of deaths during the 
year (1665) was estimated at no less than 100,000. The 
rich and panic-stricken fled from the city; grass grew in 
the streets ; and the silence of death reigned everywhere, 
except when it was broken by the rumbling of the dead- 
cart as it carried away its fearful burden. Close upon this 
calamity followed the Great Eire, which raged for three 
days, and destroyed 13,200 dwelling-houses, besides ninety 
churches (1666). St. Paul's cathedral was burned; but on its 
site was afterward erected, by the distinguished architect 
Christopher Wren, that beautiful edifice, the dome of which 
now towers above the smoke-stained roofs of London.* 

65. The desire of Charles to save expense, in order that 
he might have means for his extravagant pleasures, led to 
neglect in keeping up the naval force of the kingdom; and 
the Dutch, taking advantage of this, defiantly entered the 

•Except St Peter's at Rome, this is considered the finest church edifice in Europe. It was 
cor.imenc d in 1675. and required thirty-five years for its completion. Wren superintended the 
whole. He also drew designs for more than fifty othei churches in place of tl .o.-e destroyed I y 
the fire, and formed apian for the entire rebuilding ol the metropolis, embracing wide street-, 
magnificent quays, and other valuable improvements. He died in 1723. in his 91st year. 



64. The Great Plasue? The Great Fire ? What buildings were burned ? St. 
Taiil'* Cathedral! 

65. What disaster was caused by the king's neglect ? What followed the close 
of the war ? Lord Clarendon ? 



A. ». 1667.] THE STUART FAMILY. 189 

harbors, and did immense havoc to the shipping. They 
even sailed up the Thames, and extended their ravages as 
far as London Bridge (1667). Peace was, however, declared 
the same year. The disgraceful close of this war, together 
with the previous measures of the government, excited in- 
tense indignation among the people, particularly against 
Clarendon, who was accordingly impeached and banished. 
He survived his banishment six years, which he spent in 
France, employing his leisure in the composition of his 
great work, the "History of the Kebellion." 

66. After the fall of Clarendon, five ministers were chosen, 
whose unprincipled intrigues subsequently caused them to 
be stigmatized as the " Cabal." * Their first measure was, 
however, very popular. This was the formation of a league 
with Holland and Sweden (hence called the "Triple Alli- 
ance") for the purpose of restraining the French king, 
Louis XIV., in his ambitious scheme of seizing the Spanish 
Netherlands.! Louis was thus obliged to abandon the enter- 
prise, and to submit to the terms agreed upon by the pleni- 
potentiaries of the three countries, among whom England 
was represented by the celebrated Sir William Temple, J 
and Holland by the famous statesman John de Witt.§ 
- 67. Charles, however, disliked the alliance against Louis, 
although so acceptable to the people, because he hoped, by 

* The initial letters of the names of these ministers — Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, 
and Lauderdale — gave point to this term of reproach, which at that period, as at present, was 
used to signify any secret committee, or junto. 

t That part of the Netherlands which remained in the possession of Spain after the Dutch pro- 
vinces had revolted, and achieved their independence It chiefly consisted of the present king 
dom of Belgium. 

± Sir William Temple was especially celebrated for his skill as a negotiator After spending 
twenty years in the affairs of state, he retired in 1680 from public employment, and spent the re- 
mainder of his life in literary pursuits and in the cultivation of his grounds. He died in 1700, 
at the age of seventy-one. His works, consisting chiefly of memoirs of public affairs, are very 
valuable. 

§.f'thii De Witt, for several years "Grand Pensionary" of Holland, was noted for his scientific 
attainments, eminent ability as a statesman, and incorruptible integrity. He was at the head 
of affairs during the wars with England under Cromwell and Charles II., but uniformly depre- 
cated a warlike policy on the part of the two countries. His hatred of the Orange family and 
the Stadtholder was intense, and involved him in many troubles. During a popular insurrection 
occasioned by the invasion of the French in 1G7-, the od um of which was attached to him, he 
and his brother were seized by the enraged mob, and murdered with every circumstance of in- 
dignity and cruelty. 



66. What ministry succeeded Clarendon ? Why were they called the " Cahal ?" 
(See Note.) The " Triple Alliance." Its result ? Who were the plenipotentiaries 
of England and Holland ? 

67. Why did Charles dislike the alliance? What treaty did he make? By 
whom was it negotiated ? 



130 THE STUAET FAMILY. [A. ». 1672. 

means of aid received from that monarch, to make himself 
independent of the English parliament. He, therefore, 
secretly concluded with Louis a most disgraceful treaty, 
agreeing to assist him in subjugating Holland, audio make 
a public profession of the Eoman Catholic religion. In re- 
turn, he was to receive a large sum of money (£200,000) 
yearly, and was promised an army in case of an insurrec- 
tion in JEngland (1670). The negotiations by which this 
w T as brought. about were chiefly carried on by the Duchess 
of .Orleans, the sister of Charles, aided by a beautiful French 
lady, who afterward came to England, and having won the 
favor of the king, was made Duchess of Portsmouth. 

68. One of the most dishonorable acts of Charles's gov- 
ernment, in order to obtain supplies, was the.vClosing of the 
Exchequer, or Treasury, in which the London merchants 
and goldsmiths had deposited their funds, on which they 
were now told that they would receive only the interest, as 
the principal would not be paid (1672). General bank- 
ruptcy and ruin followed this shameful violation of public 
credit; and all trade was for a time completely paralyzed. 
Other measures adopted by the king without the consent 
of Parliament were of an arbitrary and unconstitutional 
character. 

69. A few months later, England joined France in a war 
against the Dutch; and while the fleets of the latter con- 
tended against those of the English, commanded by the 
Duke of York, the French army invaded the territory of 
the republic, captured many of its cities, and drove it to 
the extreme measure of opening the sluices, and inundating 
the country. In these perilous circumstances, the Dutch 
forces were commanded by William, Prince of Orange,* 

* Afterward William IIT., King of England. He was then in the twenty-second year of his 
age, but had already given many indications of the greatness of character for which he sub- 
sequently became so distinguished. 

68. What dishonorable act was committed by the government? The conse- 
quences ? 

69. What war followed? What were its effects on Holland? Its duration? 
How terminated ? 



A. ». 1678.] THE STUART FAMILY. 191 

who gained great distinction by his determined courage and 
patriotism. The war continued about two years, at the 
end of which it had become so unpopular, that the king- 
was compelled to make a treaty of peace with the Dutch 
provinces (1674). 

70. While this war was in progress, the "Test Act" had 
been passed by Parliament (1673), obliging all government 
officers to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, and 
to abjure the doctrines of the Eoman Catholic church. In 
consequence of this, the Duke of York, who had previously 
made a public profession of his faith in that church, re- 
signed his office as admiral, and was succeeded in the com- 
mand of iiR fleet by Prince Eupert. The subsequent mar- 
riage of the Duke with a Catholic princess (Mary of 
Modena) very much increased the popular feeling against 
him. 

71. The general distrust and suspicion felt at this time 
against the Catholics, led to what was called the "Popish 
Plot" (1678). This was a conspiracy alleged to have been 
formed by the Catholics to set fire to the city of London, 
assassinate the king, massacre the Protestants, and betray 
the kingdom to the French. The principal witness in this 
absurd accusation was one Titus Oates,* whose false and 
malicious statements were received with implicit confi- 
dence, and occasioned the wildest excitement. The rewards 
bestowed upon him led others to commit similar perjuries, 
and many innocent persons suffered death before the im- 
posture was discovered. The most illustrious of these vic- 
tims was William Howard, Viscount Stafford, whose gray 
hairs could not save him from an unmerited death. He 
was condemned, after a trial of six days, and perished on 

* This infamous character had been a clergyman, but was dismissed for vicious practices. 
During the reijrn of James II. he was condemned for perjury, and sentenced to be whipped 
and pilloried. He died in 1705. 



70. The Test Act? Conduct of the Duke of York? By whom succeeded as 
admiral ? His marriage ? 

7 1 . The so-called " Popish Plot ?" Titus Oates ? Viscount Stafford ? His 
fate? 



192 THE STUART FAMILY. [A. ». 1680. 

the scaffold, amid the loudly-expressed sympathies of the 
spectators (Dec. 29, 1G80). 

72. The year preceding this event was rendered memorable 
by the passage of the famous "Ha'beas Cor'pus Act,"* 
securing all subjects from imprisonment, except where it 
can be shown to be justified by law. This was* designed to 
check the illegal and arbitrary arrests made by the author- 
ity of the king, who in many respects exercised the most 
despotic sway. He deprived many of the cities, London 
included, of their charters, in order to extort money for 
their restoration ; and no one felt himself secure from the 
numerous gangs of spies and informers who were employed 
by the court. 

73. This state of things led to a conspiracy called the 
" Eye-house Plot," from the name of the house in which 
the conspirators met, it being situated at a place called 
Eye, a lonely spot on the road by which the king returned 
from Newmarket to London. The plan was to overturn a 
cart, so that the king's coach would be stopped, and then 
to rush out and assassinate him. The failure and discov- 
ery of this plot brought to light the existence of another 
combination, the object of which was to create a revolution 
by dethroning Charles, and placing his natural son, the 
Duke of Monmouth, on the throne, or at least to compel 
Charles to acknowledge him as his successor, there being a 
rumor that his mother had been lawfully married to the 
king. 

74. The chief members of this combination were the 
Duke of Monmouth, Lord William Eussell, Algernon Sid- 
ney, John Hampden (grandson of the distinguished patriot 

* Habeas Corpus means, " have the body." The writ, or order of the court of justice, was so 
called because it enjoins any person restraining another's liberty, t>> have hi* l><nlj. that is, to 
produce the prisoner, before the court, so that the cause of his detention m ly be known. 



72. The "Habeas Corpus Act?" Its object ? Arbitrary conduct of the king? 

73. The " Rye-house Plot V* Its object ? The result ? To what discovery did 
Its failure lead ? 

74. Who were the chief conspirators? Who were beheaded? Lord Russell? 
Sidney? (.See note, page 193.) Hampden? Monmouth? 



A.». 1685.] THE STITAKT FAMILY. 193 

of that name), the Earl of Essex, and Lord Howard. On 
the evidence of some of the conspirators, Russell and Sid- 
ney were beheaded ; but Monmouth escaped by flight 
(1683). The fate of Lord Eussell, who was a most virtuous 
nobleman, excited the deepest sympathy; and that of Sid- 
ney,* who was in principle' a Republican, and had fought 
in the civil war against the late king, was also greatly 
regretted. Hampden was punished only by the imposition 
of a heavy fine; and Monmouth, having made a humble 
submission to the king, was pardoned. 

75. A short time after this, Charles married his niece, 
the Lady Anne, daughter of the Duke of York, to Prince 
George, brother to the King of Denmark, thinking to in- 
crease his popularity by allying himself thus closely to a 
Protestant prince. The death of the king soon followed, 
being caused by an apoplectic fit (1685). During his last 
illness he received the offices of the Catholic church. The 
only redeeming traits of his character were his affability, 
ease, and cheerfulness as a companion. In other respects, he 
was most unworthy, being utterly unprincipled, and immoral 
in the lowest degree. His whole court was steeped in vice 
and profligacy; and the tone of society, in every grade, was 
affected by his degrading example. With no natural dis- 
position to tyranny, his recklessness and extravagance 
caused him to disregard the most sacred privileges of his 
subjects, and to trample, without scruple, upon their dear- 
est liberties. He left no legitimate children, and therefore 
the crown descended to his brother James. 

76. In the first part of the reign of Charles II. (1667), 
the celebrated poet, John Milton, published his greatest 

* Sidney was the second snn of Robert, Earl of Leicester. He made Brutus his model, in his 
political character; and on Cromwell's usurpation he retired in disgust from the country. He 
returned in 1677, having obtained the king's pardon. His political writings, especially the Dis- 
course on Government, have been very greatly admired. 



75. Marriage of the Lady Anne? The king's death? His character? Effects 
of his example ? Of his extravagance ? 

76. What writers flourished? Milton? Bunyan ? Butler? Locke? Dryden* 
The drama ? Sir Matthew Hale ? 

9 



194 THE STUABT FAMILY. A. B. 1685.] 

work, "Paradise Lost." This illustrious man had been 
Foreign Secretary under Cromwell, and had distinguished 
himself by his writings in defence of the Commonwealth. 
His principal contemporaries in the field of literature were 
John Bunyan, the author of " Pilgrim's Progress;" Samuel 
Butler, who wrote "Hudibras," a burlesque poem on the 
Puritans and the civil war; and John Locke, the author \ 
of the immortal " Essay on the Human Understanding." ^ 
Dryden also wrote several of his finest poems, and was 
made poet-laureate. The drama received many talented { 
contributions from Of way, Wych'erly, and others; but, 
taking its character from the court, it was shamefully im- 
moral. Sir Matthew Hale, the just and pious judge, also 
flourished during this period. 

16§5 H' J" am e s 21. — No opposition was made to the 
to accession of the Duke of York, his title being gen- 
168§ erally recognized as indisputable; but noth withstand- 
ing the glory which he had acquired as a naval commander, 
he was viewed with distrust by the people on account of 
the attachment which he had openly manifested to the 
church of Eome. Soon after the coronation of James 
and his queen, Parliament assembled, in his address to 
which the king showed something of the same spirit of 
defiance which had involved his father in so much trouble. 
All the chief offices of the crown continued in the hands 
of Protestants. 

78. The Duke of Monmouth, who had fled to Holland 
during the preceding reign, now, under the instigation of 
the Earl of Argyle, an exiled nobleman from Scotland, 
renewed his claim to the throne. Argyle landed in the 
western part of Scotland, but was soon defeated, taken pris- 
oner, and a short time afterward executed at Edinburgh. 
Monmouth landed in England with scarcely one. hundred 



77. Jam>s II. ? Popular feeling toward him ? His address to Parliament ? 

78. The Duke of Monmouth? The Earl of Argyle ? Monmouth's invasion? 
Its result ? Mo..n.outh's conduct and fate ? 



A. ». 1685.] THE STUART FAMILY. 195 

followers, but was soon joined by a considerable force, and 
proceeded slowly into the interior of the country. At Sedge- 
moor he was met by the royal army, and, after a battle of three 
hours, defeated with great slaughter. Monmouth fled, but 
in a few days was found concealed in a ditch, and taken to 
London. In an interview with the king he threw himself 
on his knees, and implored forgiveness ; but as he had plotted 
several times against the government, and had publicly 
proclaimed James a traitor, a tyrant, the murderer of 
his brother, and a popish usurper, the king was deaf to 
his entreaties. Two days afterward he was beheaded 
(1685). 

79. Those who had been concerned in this rebellion were 
pursued with the most dreadful ferocity, an officer named 
Kirke acquiring a disgraceful notoriety by the shocking 
cruelties perpetrated by his soldiers, who were ironically 
styled " Kirke's Lambs." Trials were held under «the infa- 
mous Judge Jeffries; and many innocent persons were con- 
demned and executed. This circuit was called the " Bloody 
Assize," Jeffries boasting of the large number of persons 
(more than three hundred) whom he had caused to be 
hanged. More than eight hundred others were sent as 
slaves to the West Indies, under the orders of court favorites 
to whom they had been granted, and who made a shame- 
ful gain by their sale, or extorted various sums for their lib- 
eration. Two women were executed for sheltering fugitives, 
and their case excited much compassion, more especially 
that of Alice Lisle (lite), widow of one of Cromwell's lords, 
who was sentenced by Jeffries to be burned alive; but 
through the intercession of friends, her sentence was 
changed to beheading. 

80. The imprudent zeal of the king in promoting 
Catholics to office and power, occasioned great excitement 

79. Treatment of the rebels? "Kirke's Lambs?" Judge Jeffries? The 
"Bloody Assize?" Alice Lisle? 

80. What caused much popular excitement ? What declaration was published 
by the king ? What led to the arrest of the bishops ? 



196 THE STUART FAMILY. [A. D. 1GS8. 

and dissatisfaction. Having published on his own author- 
ity, and in opposition to the Test Act, a declaration allowing 
liberty of coascience, and declaring that non-conformity to 
the established religion should no longer be punished, he 
issued an order requiring that this declaration should be 
read in all the churches. This, as being illegal, the clergy 
refused to obey; and a petition was presented against it by 
seven bishops, including Archbishop San croft. James, 
greatly exasperated at this opposition, caused the bishops 
to be committed to the Tower, where they remained a week 
before they were set free on bail (1688). 

81. The popular excitement produced by this conduct of 
the king was intense. Crowds attended the bishops as they 
were conducted from the Tower, and signified their sym- 
pathy and veneration in every possible way. The trial took 
place in Westminster Hall, the bishops being charged with 
having published a false and seditious libel ; and when the 
jury had delivered their verdict, " Not Guilty," and the bish- 
ops were discharged, the city of London was illuminated, 
and the people became almost frantic with joy. During j 
these exciting events the queen gave birth to a son; and a 
rumor was spread by the Protestant party that the child 
had been brought into the palace, in order to be imposed | 
upon the people as an heir to the crown. The infant was ; 
baptized by the name of James. 

82. The king expecting opposition, had collected a stand- 
ing army of about 16,000 men ; but these openly expressed 
their sympathy with the Protestant party. By the advice 
of the French minister, James had obtained several regi- 
ments of Irish soldiers, iu whom, as being Catholics, it was 
thought reliance could be placed. These were hated by the 
English; and a popular air, called from its burden LiUe- 
bulero, still farther fanned the flame against James and the 

8 1 . Conduct of the populace ? The trial of the bishops ? Effect of their 
acquittal ? The king's son ? 

82. What course did James pursue ? Lillebulero ? Message to William, Prince 
of Orange ? 



A. ». 1689.] THE STUART FAMILY. 197 

Irish troops. In the mean time, some of the leading nobles 
and clergy of England had sent to William, PriDce of 
Orange, nephew and son-in-law- of the king, entreating 
him to come with an army and aid them in defending their 
religion and their freedom. 

83. William promptly accepted the call, and having col- 
lected an army of 14,000 men and a fleet of five hundred 
ships, he sailed from Holland, and landed safely and 
without opposition at Torbay, on the southern shore 
(Nov. 5, 1688). He was received with acclamations of joy 
by the people, and advanced slowly, reaching Exeter in 
four days. James at first resolved to stake his kingdom 
on the issue of a great battle; but being abandoned by his 
subjects, among them Lord Churchill (afterward so cele- 
brated as the Duke of Marlborough), and other distin- 
guished noblemen ; and being deserted also by his daughter 
Anne, and her husband, Prince George, he resolved on 
flight. Having previously sent away his queen and sou l.o 
France, he followed them in disguise ; but was captured 
and brought back. His enemies were, however, not de- 
sirous of retaining him; and, the Dutch soldiers having 
occupied London, he was permitted again to escape ; where- 
upon he sailed away to France, and joined his wife at the 
castle of St. G-ermains, near Paris, being received by Louis 
XIV. with the greatest sympathy and kindness. 

84. A convention parliament was immediately called 
(Jan. 23, 1689), and the crown was bestowed on William 
and Mary for their lives, the former to have the sole 
administration of the government. The succession was 
settled, first on the children of Mary, and then on those 
of her sister Anne; and, these failing, on the children of 
William by any other wife. Annexed to this settlement 



83. What was done by William? By James ? By whom was he abandoned? 
His escape ? By whom was he received ? 

84. What was called? What did the Convention do? The settlement of the 
crown ? Declaration of Rights ? 



198 THE STUART FAMILY. [A. D. 1689. 

was a Declaration of Eights, definitely fixing the extent 
of the king's prerogative, and more precisely stating the 
constitutional principles of the government. 

85. Among these the chief articles were : 1. The king ' 
cannot suspend the laws or their execution; 2. He cannot 
levy money without the consent of Parliament; 3. The I 
subject has a right to petition the crown; 4. A standing I 
army cannot be kept in time of peace without the consent 
of Parliament; 5. Elections and parliamentary debates 
must be free, and parliaments must be frequently assembled. 
These acts of the Convention were afterward confirmed by 

a parliament regularly summoned, in an enactment called 
the "Bill of Eights," and constituted what is known in 
English history as the " Glorious Eevolution of 1688."* 

86. James spent the remainder of his life at St. Germains, 
a pensioner on the bounty of the French king. He died 
there in 1701. His character is variously drawn, in ac- 
cordance with the partisan views of those who have delin- 
eated it. By some, his zeal for his religion is represented 
as sectarian bigotry, and his ardor in vindicating its free- 
dom becomes perversity and spite. His rash violation of 
the laws, and his defiance of the Constitution of the 
country, were characteristic of the whole Stuart race, every 
member of which was distinguished by a blind resistance 
to public opinion. In these things, James evidently proved 
that he was incapable of learning by experience. While, 
therefore, his character cannot be held up to admiration, 
it should be spared very much of the obloquy to which his 
indiscretions and the disasters -consequent thereon have 
rendered it liable. 

87. The navy greatly increased under James IT., con- 

* So called, although it took place in 1689 (January); because, until 1752, the English com- 
menced the year on the 25th of March. 



8 5, What were the chief articles ? How was the declaration confirmed ? Rev 
olntion of 10S8? 

86. Further history of James TT. ? His character ? 

87. Increase of the navy ? Commerce? Newspapers? Coffee-houses? 



A. I>. 16S9.] THE STUART FAMILY. 199 

taining, at the time of the Revolution, one hundred 
and seventy-three vessels, manned by 42,000 seamen. 
James, who had displayed considerable talents as an 
admiral, took great interest in this branch of the service, 
and was the inventor of naval signals. During this and 
the preceding reign, the country advanced greatly in wealth 
and commerce ; and the population of its colonial terri- 
tories was considerably augmented. Neivspapers had been 
established in the reign of Charles I., but the jealousy and 
arbitrary conduct of the crown prevented their free publi- 
cation; and thus the coffee-houses became the chief places 
for the circulation of news, and the discussion of political 
opinions. The government regarded these places with 
much suspicion, and at one time made an ineffectual effort 
to close them. 

16§9 88. William and Mary. — William, on whom 
to the sole exercise of regal power devolved, although an 
1694 able sovereign, was deficient in those personal quali- 
ties which are needed to acquire popularity ; and hence he 
had scarcely ascended the throne, when opposition con- 
fronted him from various quarters, — even from some of 
those who had been instrumental in his elevation. Sus- 
pecting disaffection among the Scotch regiments in the 
English army, he resolved to send them to Holland, and 
supply their places with Dutch troops. They, however, 
indignant at the order requiring them to leave the country, 
mutinied, and marched northward. William promptly 
despatched several regiments of Dutch dragoons after 
them, and compelled them to submit to the order. This 
caused the passage of the Mutiny Bill, which placed the 
army under martial law. 

89. Although the clergy had been, in a great degree, 
instrumental in accomplishing the Revolution, a large 
number, including the primate and seven bishops, refused 

88. What is saiu of William? Difficulty with the Scotch troops? How sub- 
dued ? The Mutiny Bill? 
S9. The Non-jurors ? The Toleration Act ? The Catholics ? 



200 THE STUART FAMILY. [A. D. 1692. 

to take the oath of allegiance to William, on the ground 
that they could not be released from the oath which they 
had previously taken to James. On this account they were 
called "'non-jurors/' and were punished by ejectment from 
their livings. This led to the passage of the " Toleration 
Act."' by tvhich Protestant dissenters were exempted from 
the penalties incurred by the free exercise of their religion. 
The disabilities of the Catholics were, however, continued 
in full force. 

90. Although William had been acknowledged king by 
the Scotch convention in Edinburgh, there was a consider- 
able party in favor of James. Under Viscount Dundee 
(more celebrated as Graham of Claverhouse), an army of 
Highlanders defeated the royal forces ;* but Dundee was 
slain ; and the insurgents were so much discouraged by his 
death that they dispersed. The Scots were, accordingly, soon 
reduced to submission, after which Episcopacy was abolished, 
Presbyterianism being established in its place (1689). The 
full pacification of the Highlands was not effected, how- 
ever, until some time afterward (December, 1691). 

91. In connection with this occurred the dreadful "Mas- 
sacre of Glencoe" (1692). Mclan, chief of the McDonalds, 
had delayed to take the oath of allegiance to William, until 
after the time appointed for it; whereupon the enemies 
of the McDonalds obtained- from the king, by a false state- 
ment, an order for the military execution of the whole clan. 
Accordingly, a body of soldiers entered the valley of 
Glencoe, and put to the sword all who were unable to es- 
cape, including men, women, and children. The signing of 
this order very much increased William's unpopularity, and 
has since subjected his name to considerable obloquy. 

92. In Ireland, the opposition to William was much 

* This battle was fought at a place called KUlifcran'kie, at the northwest extremity of a 
pass in the Grampian mountain*. 



90. Insurrection in Scotland ? How terminated ? 

91. Massacre of GU-ncoe ? Its effects! 

\)2 . Invasion of Ireland by James II. ? Siege of Londonderry ? What happened 
at Ennitkillen ? 



A. ». 1692.] 



THE STUART FAMILY. 



201 



more general and decided; and James, taking advantage 
of this circumstance, invaded the island, having been sup- 
plied with a large naval force by Louis XIV. of France. 
He landed at Kinsale, and was received with great demon- 
strations of joy by the people; and, his army being soon 
augmented by large accessions under Tyrconnel, the Lord- 




Deputy, he entered Dublin in triumph. Londonderry and 
Enniskillen alone held out against him, the former of which 
he closely besieged ; but the inhabitants, led by a Presby- 
terian clergyman named Walker, resisted with the greatest 
fortitude during one hundred and five days, and were at 
last relieved, the besieging forces being compelled to retire. 



THE STUART FAMILY. [A. D. 1691. 

The inhabitants suffered the most dreadful hardships 
during the long siege, and the garrison was reduced from 
7.000 to 3,000 effective men. The forces of James were 
also routed at Enniskillen with great losa 

93. William's general, Marshal Schomberg (sJiom'lerg), 
arrived a few days afterward, and took possession of Car- 
rickfergus. Here he was joined, the next year, by William 
with a large army ; whereupon the Irish army took up a 
strong position on the south bank of the Boyne River, and 
was soon joined by James, with 10,000 French troops. 
William at once proceeded to the attack, and having crossed 
the river, routed the enemy with very little opposition (1690). 
Schomberg and Walker, the brave defender of Londonderry, 
fell in the engagement. The " Battle of the Boyne'' virtu- 
ally decided the fate of James, who immediately afterward 
fled to Dublin, and thence to Kinsale, from which port he 
escaped to France in a French frigate. Other important 
towns soon surrendered, and the next year the whole coun- 
try submitted to the authority of William (1691). 

94. The war with France still continued, and TVilliam 
was obliged to spend most of his time on the continent, 
leaving the management of affairs iu England to Queen 
Mary. Meanwhile, plots were formed by many of the most 
distinguished men of all parties, Xon-Jurors, Tories, and 
Whigs, to restore James to- the throne; and Louis made 
preparations for the invasion of England, with the same 
object, — being partly induced thereto by the invitation of 
the Duke of Marlborough, who was prominent in these in- 
trigues against the reigning king. 

9-5. The army of invasion consisted of about 30,000 men, 
principally Irish troops, who, after the pacification of Ire- 
land, had emigrated to France ; and the fleet was also very 
large and powerful. James was quite confident of success ; 

93. Who Took Carrickfereus I Battle of the Boyne ? Who fell in the action ? 
What followed it 1 

94. Absence of William? Plots to dethrone him ? By whom aided ? 

95. Army of Invasion? Battle of Cape La Hognef "Subsequent proceedings 
of Jame? it. ? 



A. ». 1697.] THE STUART FAMILY. 203 

but in an engagement which took place off Cape La Hogue 
(hog), the combined Dutch and English fleets, under Ad- 
miral Kussell, gained a brilliant victory over the French 
(May 22, 1692), and the exiled monarch again sought an 
asylum at the court of Louis. He made no further effort 
to recover his lost throne, but passed the remainder of his 
life in retirement. 

96. The war, however, still went on, and William met 
with several disastrous losses in his campaigns in Flanders, 
as well as in the naval engagements which occurred with 
the French. This encouraged his enemies in England, 
who were busy in their intrigues with the French. To 
these misfortunes was added the loss of his queen, who 
died of small-pox (1694), leaving him sole ruler of the 
kingdom. Mary was possessed of many excellent qualities; 
and as a queen, her conduct was very exemplary. As a 
daughter, she has been deemed unfeeling and ungrateful; 
since she appeared to be without sympathy for her father's 
misfortunes. Due consideration must, however, be given 
to the peculiar circumstances in which she was placed, in 
passing a judgment on her character and conduct. 
1694 97 * william HI-— The death of Mary revived 
to the hopes of the friends of James II., and several 
*' 02 conspiracies were formed in his favor; but they were 
unsuccessful. William carried on the war against France 
with great vigor, and gained several splendid victories 
(1695). This not only discouraged and humbled the 
French monarch, but frustrated the schemes of his ene- 
mies, the Jacobites, in England. At last, by the treaty of 
Kyswick,* peace was concluded with France, Louis con- 
senting to resign several of his conquests, and to acknowl- 
edge William as king of England (Sept. 10, 1697). 

* Rymrick is a small town in the western part of Holland, thirty-five miles southwest from 
Amsterdam. 

96. Campaign in Flanders ? Effect of disasters ? Death of Mary? Her char- 
acter ? 

97. Effect of Mary's death? William's conduct of the war? Consequences 
of his success ? Peace of Ryswick ? 



204: THE STUART FAMILY. [A. D. 1702. 

98. As William had predicted, this treaty only proved a 
short truce, hostilities being soon renewed. Charles II., 
King of Spain, having died childless, bequeathed his crown 
to Philip, Duke of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV. Wil- 
liam at first acknowledged the new king of Spain, though 
with considerable reluctance and dissatisfaction; but the 
Emperor of Germany commenced a war to prevent this in- 
crease of the French monarch's power; and finally induced 
England and Holland to join him in a league, known in 
history as the "Grand Alliance" (Sept. 7, 1701). A few 
days after this, James II. died at St. Germains ; and Louis 
at once proclaimed his son King of Great Britain and Ire- 
land, thus violating the peace of Eyswick. Before, how- 
ever, war was formally declared by Parliament, William 
met with an accident which proved fatal. He broke his 
collar-bone by a fall from his horse, and, in a little over a 
fortnight afterward, expired (March 8, 1702). 

99. William was an able sovereign and statesman, as 
well as a most excellent general, being equally remarkable 
for sagacity in planning his campaigns and coolness and 
intrepidity in the time of battle. His frame was feeble, 
and he constantly suffered from ill health. To all but a 
very few personal friends, his manners were cold and dis- 
tant; and therefore most of his subjects regarded him with 
dislike. England, indeed,- was always to him a foreign 
country, which he governed with wisdom, but always so as 
to gratify his intense ambition and love of military glory. 
In literature and science he took very little interest. The 
establishment of a standing army and the accumulation of 
a great national debt* were some of the results of Wil- 
liam's rule, and his expensive foreign wars. 

*The first regular loan to the government was £1,200,000, the capital of the Bank of England, 
incorporated in 1094, having been projected by William Pateison, a Scotchman. At the peace 
of Kyswick, the National Debt of England amounted to fifty millions of pounds. It is now more 
than eight hundred millions. 

98. Renewal of hostilities? The Grand Alliance ? Death of James IT. ? Its 
consequence ? Death of William III. ? 

99. Character of William ? Standing army and national debt ? (See note.) 



A. ». 1708.] THE STUART FAMILY. 205 

1702 100. Anne. — In accordance with the terms of the 
to settlement, Anne, Avife of Prince George of Den- 
1714 mark, and second daughter of James II., succeeded 
to the throne. She was thirty-eight years of age, and a 
member of the Church of England. In her first address to 
Parliament she expressed her desire that England should 
maintain its place in the Grand Alliance, and war was 
accordingly declared against France. In this war, known 
in history as the " War of the Spanish Succession," the 
Duke of Marlborough* had the chief command of the 
English and Dutch, forces. During the first and second 
campaigns (1702-3), he made some conquests in Flanders; 
and in the next (1704), he defeated the French and Ba- 
varians with great loss in the memorable battle of Blen- 
heim f (Men'hime), in which the imperial troops were com- 
manded by the famous Prince Eugene. % During the same 
year, the English fleet, under Sir George Eooke, captured 
Gibraltar; and this strong fortress has ever since remained 
in the possession of the British. 

101. Being badly supported by the imperial army, Marl- 
borough in the following year accomplished but little; but 
in the next (1706) he gained another brilliant victory over 
the French at Eamillies (ram'e-leez), and by means of it 
made almost a complete conquest of Flanders. The 
French also received the same year a terrible overthrow 
from Prince Eugene at Tu'rin. The year 1708 was sig- 

* John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, was the son of a Cavalier, who was in high favor with 
the Duke of York : and he married a young lady who was the special friend and favorite of 
Anne. When, therefore, the latter ascended the throne, she was so much under the influence 
of Lady Marlborough and the Duke, her husband, that these were regarded as virtually almost 
the reigning sovereigns, Prince George of Denmark making no interference in English affairs. 
The correspondence of the queen and her favorite was of the most intimate and confidential 
character, and was carried on under the names of Mrs. Morley and Mrs. Freeman, the latter 
name being assumed by the Duchess. 

t Blenheim is a small village in Bavaria, on the Danube, twenty-three miles west north- 
west of Augsburg.- (See Progressive M<ip. No. 6.) 

$ Prince Eugene was born at Paris in 16(53. He was the son of Eugene Maurice, Count o'- 
Soissons, and of Olympia Mancini, niece of Cardinal Mazarin. He entered into the service of 
the emperor, and soon gained great distinction, especially in the wars with the Turks. He died 
in 1736. He was small in stature, simple in dress and manner, and kind-hearted in his treat- 
ment to his soldiers. 



1 00. Who was Anne ? War of Spanish Succession ? Victories of Marlborough 
Capture of Gibraltar? 

101. Other victories of Marlborough ? Effect of the battle of Malplaquet? 



206 THE STUAET FAMILY. [A. D. 1712. 

nalized by another great victory oyer the French at Ou'- 
den'-arde, which was followed, the next year, by the terrific 
battle of ITalplaquet {rtial-plah'ka), in which the allied 
army under Marlborough routed the French, but with 
the dreadful loss of 20,000 men. This decided victory 
finished the war in Flanders (1709). 

102. While these events were in progress, there had been 
many other battles by sea and land. The Earl of Peter- 
borough,* in conjunction with Sir Cloudesly Shovel, took 
Barcelona; and the former triumphantly traversed a large 
part of Spain, everywhere proclaiming Charles III. king 
(1765). On Shovel's return, a part of the fleet was wrecked 
on the Scilly Islands, and all on board of the admiral's ship 
perished (1707). Shovel was a commander of great merit, 
and had raised himself by his courage and talents from the 
station of a common sailor. The war lingered for several 
years, being at last closed by the treaty of Utrecht (it'treli), 
in 1713. Previous to this, Marlborough was recalled; and 
being accused of dishonest practices in connection with 
the army contracts and accounts, was dismissed by the 
queen from all his employments. The Parliament also 
passed a vote of censure upon his conduct, whereupon he 
retired from England in disgust, and took up his abode in 
the Netherlands (1712). f 

103. During the progress of the war, an important 
political event occurred at home. Disaffection existed in 
Scotland, and the Parliament of that country passed the 
"Act of Security," providing that the successor to the 

* CJmrlex 3Iordaunt. Earl of Peterborough, was one of the most brilliant men of his time, be- 
ing equally distinguished for his skill as a naval and military commander. Few generals suc- 
ceeded in accomplishing so much with such slender means, or displayed equal degree of genius 
and originality. He died in 1735. 

+ Marlborough returned to England in 1711, on the accession of George T., and was very en- 
thusiastically received by the people. He died in 1722. possessing a reputation for mi itary skill 
unsurpassed by that of any other English general. As a politician, however, he was insincere 
and unprincipled, and his avarice betrayed him into many mean and disgraceful actions. He 
is said* to have been so illiterate, that he could not write or even spell his native language 
correctly. 

1*02. Earl of Peterborough? Sir Cloudesly Shovel ? Treaty of Utrecht ? Dis- 
grace of Marlborough ? (See note.) 

103. Disaffection in Scotland? Union of England and Scotland ? Provisions 
contained in the Act of Union ? 



A. JD. 1714.] THE STUART FAMILY. 207 

throne of England, on the queen's death, should not succeed 
to the throne of Scotland, unless under conditions that 
would secure the honor and independence of the latter 
country. This had reference to the settlement already 
effected * of the English crown on Sophia, wife of the 
elector of Hanoyer and grand-daughter of James I., to 
which arrangement there was much opposition in Scotland. 
Other proceedings tended to actual hostilities between 
the two countries, and demonstrated the necessity of a 
closer union between them. This was effected in 1707, by 
the passage of the "Act of Union," providing that the two 
kingdoms should be united under the name of Great Brit- 
ain; that the crown should be settled on the Princess 
Sophia and her heirs, being Protestants; and that there 
should be but one Parliament of the united kingdom. 

104. To this act the people of Scotland were compelled 
to submit; but it occasioned great discontent, and James, 
son of James II., taking advantage of the feeling, obtained 
from Louis an armament with which he sailed to Scotland, 
hoping to raise a general insurrection in his favor. On the 
Continent he was styled the Chevalier de St. George, but 
the English styled him the Pretender. The effort failed, 
several of the French vessels being captured by the English 
fleet under Admiral Byng (1707). James escaped, and for 
some years made no further effort to accomplish his object. 

105. The year after the treaty of Utrecht, Queen Anne 
died, and with her terminated the main Stuart line (1714). 
She was of middle stature, of dark hair and complexion, and 
of a heavy, dull expression of features. Her amiable and 
confiding disposition won for her the title of " Good Queen 
Anne;" but it subjected her to the influence of wily favor- 
ites, who took advantage of her generosity. This was the 

*By the " Act of Settlement" passed in the latter part of the reign of William III. 



104. Effect of the Act of Union in Scotland ? The Chevalier de St. George? 

105. Death of Queen Anne ? Her personal appearance and character?^" Mrs. 
Masham ? 



208 THE STUART FAMILY. [A. ». 1714. 

case with the Duchess of Marlborough, who was supplanted 
by a Mrs. Masham, wife of an officer of the royal household, 
to whose advice and influence the queen submitted in the 
most important affairs of the government. 

106. The reign of Queen Anne was not only distinguished 
for its military and political events, but was characterized 
to such an extent by the progress made in science and 
literature, that it has been styled the ''Augustan Age of 
England." Addison, Steele, Bolingbroke, and Swift were 
the most eminent prose ^riters of this period; the most 
distinguished poet was Alexander Pope, who published dur- 
ing this period some of his most admired compositions. 
His poems are characterized by remarkable terseness and 
brilliancy of expression, and keenness of wit. Greenwich 
Hospital for disabled seamen, which was commenced a 
short time after the battle of La Hogue, by order of Queen 
Mary, was finished during the reign of Queen Anne. 

State of Society ukder the Stuarts. 

107. Few nations have undergone so sudden and com- 
plete a change in their manners as occurred in England 
during this period. At the commencement of the century, 
when James I. ascended the throne, tranquillity, concord, 
and a general spirit of submission reigned throughout the 
kingdom ; but in a few years all this gave place to faction, 
fanaticism, and a spirit of rebellion that almost amounted 
to frenzy. The virulence of party animosity was so great, 
that no marriages or alliances of any kind were permitted 
to take place between the members of the hostile factions. 
"Your friends, the Cavaliers," said a Parliamentarian to a 
Royalist, " are very dissolute and debauched." " True," re- 
plied the Royalist, "they have the infirmities of men ; but 

10G. Hmv was the reisrn distinguished? Celebrated writers ? Alexander Pope ? 
Greenwich Hospital ? 

107. Chansro in manners daring this period? Party spirit? Characters im- 
puted by the Cavaliers and Roundheads to each other? 



THE STUART FAMILY. 209 

your friends, the Roundheads, have the vices of devils — 
tyranny, rebellion, and spiritual pride." 

108. The Cavaliers were indeed gay in their manners and 
dress, being commonly men of birth and fortune; and they 
thus presented a marked contrast to the gloomy fanaticism 
of the Koundheads. The rigid severity of the Presbyterians 
and Independents permitted no recreations, except such as 
were afforded by the singing of hymns and psalms. Plays, 
dances, and all other merry-makings were sinful frivolities : 
horse-racing and bear-baiting — popular diversions of the 
time — were wicked enormities. Hence, Colonel Hewson 
with pious zeal marched his regiment into London and 
killed all the bears; on which incident Butler based a part 
of his burlesque poem, styled " Hudibras." 

109. During this period arose also the Quakers or 
Friends — a sect founded by George Fox, who was born in 
1624. He was by trade a shoemaker; but feeling a strong 
impulse toward spiritual contemplations, he abandoned 
this occupation, and wandered about the country, preach- 
ing the doctrines which had been suggested to his mind 
during his solitary meditations. Proselytes were soon 
gained, and a sect formed, peculiar not only in their reli- 
gious views, but in all their social habits and customs. 
Their zeal was soon tried by bitter persecution.' They 
were thrown into prison, — sometimes into mad-houses; 
they were pilloried ; they were whipped ; they were burned 
in the face; and their tongues bored with red-hot irons; 
but nothing could overcome their fortitude, or quench 
their enthusiasm. 

110. Religious persecution marks the entire period, and 
led to that emigration which caused the establishment of 
most of the English colonies in North America. The Puri- 
tans fled to Massachusetts to escape the intolerance of 

108. Character of the Cavaliers? Of the Roundheads ? 
1 19. The Quakers, their origin and peculiarities? How persecuted ? 
1 5 0. Religious persecution ? Effect on the Puritans ? On the Catholics? On 
the Quakers ? 



219 THE STUART FAMILY. 

James I., and his son's arbitrary zeal. The Catholics 
founded an asylum from English persecution in Maryland; 
and the Quakers sought civil and religious freedom amid 
the wilds and wild men of Pennsylvania, after vainly 
seeking it among their former brethren in affliction, the 
Puritans of New England. 

111. The superstition and ignorance of the age are 
clearly but terribly demonstrated by the prevailing belief 
in witchcraft — perhaps the most awful of popular delu- 
sions. After the last heretic had suffered death at the 
stake (1612), the fires were again lighted for the burning 
of those charged with this mysterious crime. This delusion 
was not confined to England, but spread over Europe, and 
extended to this country, where (at Salem) it raged with 
peculiar virulence. Between 1640 and 1660, it is said 
some three or four thousand persons, in Europe, fell victims 
to this terrible delusion. 

112. The commerce and navigation of England increased 
greatly during the peaceful period of Charles the First's 
reign. The trade to Guinea, the Levant, and the East 
Indies was quite large ; immense quantities of cloth were 
annually exported to Turkey ; and the English possessed 
almost the monopoly of the traffic with Spain. Interrupted 
during the civil wars, commerce soon recovered after the 
Restoration, and received additional encouragement from 
the losses sustained by the Dutch. Besides, the prevalence 
of democratical principles induced many of the gentry to 
educate their sons to mercantile pursuits, and thus com- 
merce became more honorable than it had ever been at 
any previous time. The trade with the American colonies 
soon became considerable. At the close of the century, 
about 500 vessels were employed in this trade and with the 
West Indies. Of these, however, some were engaged in the 



111. Witchcraft ? How extensively belie\ed in ? Number punished for it ! 

1 1 2. Commerce and navigation ? Causes of their prosperity I Trade with the 
American colonies ? With the West Indies ? Board of Trade ? 



THE STUAKT FAMILY. 211 

slave-trade. A Board of Trade was established in 1670, its 
first president being the Earl of Sandwich. 

113. Tea and coffee were introduced from the East,* but 
for a long time were so expensive that they were used only 
as luxuries. Ginger, cloves, pepper, and other spices were 
also brought from the East Indies, and tobacco became an 
extensive article of commerce. James I., who had a great 
dislike to its use, wrote a treatise against it, which he 
called "The Oounterblaste to Tobacco," and in which he 
described it as " a custom loathsome to the eye, hateful to 
the nose, harmful to the brain, and dangerous to the lungs." 
Asparagus, artichokes, cauliflowers, and a variety of other 
vegetables were also introduced into England during this 
period. Whale-ships visited the shores of Greenland and 
Spitzbergen, and an extensive trade in whalebone was com- 
menced, the whale previous to this having been valued only 
for its oil. Madras and Bombay became important centres 
of the East Indian trade, Java fell into the hands of the 
Dutch, but St. Helena became an English possession (1651). 

114. Next to the capital, the chief seaport was Bristol, 
and Norwich the chief manufacturing town. Manchester, 
now the great centre of the cotton manufacture, was then 
a small town of about 6,000 inhabitants ; Leeds, the great 
woollen mart, was but little larger; Sheffield and Bir- 
mingham were very small towns; and Liverpool, probably, 
did not contain 200 seamen. The population of London 
at the death of Charles II. is estimated at half a million. 
The streets, narrow, dirty, unpaved, and not lighted till 
the lu.st year of that monarch's reign, were infested with 
ruffians and robbers, against whom the watchmen, generally 
old and feeble men, could afford no protection. 

* Brought into Europe by the Dutch, but introduced in England as a beverage in 1666, by 
Lords Os* rj and Arlington. 



113. Introduction of tea and coffee? Spices? Tobacco? Apparatus, etc.? 
Whale-si ips ? The East India trade ? St. Helena ? 

114. mportant towns — their size at the period? Population of London ? Its 
streets, etc.? 



212 THE STUART FAMILY. 

115. The first law for erecting turnpikes was passed in 
1662. The roads were exceedingly bad, and travelling con- 
sequently very difficult. Goods were transported in wagons 
or on pack-horses; passengers, in stage-coaches, which 
were slow, lumbering vehicles, with great difficulty drawn 
through the mud which filled the roads. In 1669, a "Fly- 
ing Coach," required thirteen hours to pass between 
Oxford and London — a distance of fifty-five miles. The 
inns were numerous and comfortable; but highwaymen, 
mounted and armed, infested the roads, and were often the 
confederates of the innkeepers. The post-bags were carried 
on horseback, at the rate of five miles an hour. The first 
regular post-office was established in 1635, for the more 
speedy communication of intelligence between England 
and Scotland. 

116. The first English newspaper was printed during 
the session of the Long Parliament (1641), the Star Cham- 
ber having previously put effectual restraints upon the 
publication of intelligence. Liberty of the press was not 
enjoyed to any extent until 1695; when, the censorship of 
the press having been abolished, a number of newspapers 
were at once issued. They were, of course, very small, the 
entire sheet containing less matter than is now comprised 
in a single column of a large daily newspaper. King 
William and his ministers looked with great distrust upon 
this unprecedented freedom. 

117. During this period, manufacturing industry began 
to assume that prominence in England which it now pos- 
sesses. The cotton manufacture was commenced at Man- 
chester, and the art of dying woollen cloth was introduced 
from Flanders, thus saving the nation vast sums of money. 
New manufactures were also established in iron, brass, silk. 



115. Turnpikes and roads ? Vehicles employed ? The Flying Coach of 1669 ? 
The inns ? Post-bags and post-office '? 

116. Newflpapen*, and the liberty of the press? 

117. Manufacturing industry? What branches were introduced? Coinage? 
Change in private possession* ? Coaches ? 



THE STUAET FAMILY. 213 

paper, etc. The increase of coinage is said to have 
amounted to upward of ten millions of pounds. A writer 
giving an account of this period, remarks, that " in 1688 
there were on the 'Change more men worth ten thousand 
pounds than there were in 1650 worth one thousand ; and 
that gentlewomen, in those earlier times, thought them- 
selves well clothed in a serge gown, in which a chamber- 
maid would, in 1688, be ashamed to be seen; and that 
besides the great increase of rich clothes, plate, jewels, and 
household furniture, coaches were in that time augmented 
a hundredfold." 

118. The trade with India and the Levant led to the 
introduction of many articles of luxury, both in dress and 
furniture. Carpets, from being used only as covers for 
tables, came gradually into their present use; although 
during most of this period rushes or matting constituted 
the only covering used for floors. The manufacture of oil- 
cloth was commenced in 1660. The Duke of Buckingham 
introduced the making of glass from Venice. Prince Ru- 
pert, who was a zealous patron both of the useful and the 
fine arts, invented or improved the method of engraving 
called mezzotint. The glass bead called Prince Rupert's 
Drop derives its name from him. 

119. The Stuarts were patrons of the fine arts. The 
value of pictures is said to have doubled in Europe in con- 
sequence of the competition of Charles I. and Philip IV. of 
Spain to obtain them. The distinguished Dutch painters, 
Van Dyke and Rubens, were invited into England, and 
received great attention from the Court. Inigo Jones and 
Sir Christopher Wren, the renowned architects, flourished 
during this period. The former built the beautiful ban- 
queting-house at Whitehall ; the latter is especially cele- 
brated as the designer of St. Paul's. In London alone, 
fifty-one churches were erected from Wren's designs. 

118. Effect of trade with India and the Levant ? Carpets, etc. ? Glass-making ? 
Prince Rupert ? 

119. The fine arts ? Inigo Jones ? Sir Christopher Wren ? 



214 THE STUART FAMILY. 

120. The Koyal Society for the Promotion of Science was 
established during the reign of Charles II., and there arose 
in England a galaxy of great men, distinguished for their 
researches in every branch of human knowledge. Boyle, 
by improving the air-pump, was enabled to make many 
valuable experiments on the nature and properties of the 
air ; Wallis and Hooke made some valuable improvements 
in optical instruments; Flamsteed and Halley were emi- 
nent astronomers — the former noted for the catalogue of 
stars which he made ; the latter as the first to predict the 
return of a comet. Harvey also announced his famous 
discovery of the circulation of the blood (1619). Above 
all, however, towered the sublime genius of Xewton, the 
discoverer of the law of universal gravitation. 

121. The number of printing-presses in the kingdom 
was, however, very small. Books were therefore very scarce 
and dear; and consequently the booksellers' shops were 
thronged with readers, as there was a very general taste 
for the study both of science and literature. There were 
many distinguished writers besides those already referred 
to, among whom may be mentioned Sir William Dave- 
nant, who succeeded Ben Jonson as Poet Laureate ;* 
Abraham Cowley, who at his death (1667) ranked as the 
first poet of England, and Robert Herrick, one of the most 
exquisite of the early English lyric poets. Thomas Fuller, 
the quaint and witty historian, divine, and essayist, whose 
writings abound in amusement and instruction ; Jeremy 
Taylor, the eloquent and pious divine, noted especially as 
the author of the "Holy Living and Dying;" and Lord 
Clarendon, the famous statesman and historian, are the 



* That is, " crowned with laurel," so called in imitation of the ancient practice of thus 
rewarding and distinguishing eminent poets. Traces of this appointment are found as early as 
the reijrn of Henry III. The office was made a"patent one by Charles I., who fixed the salary 
at £100 a year, and a tierce of wine. 



120. The Royal Society ? What eminent phyeicis ts are mentioned ? For what 
distinguished ? 

121. Printing-presses? Books? Popular taste? Eminent poets? Prose 
writers ? Dramatists ? 



THE ST [TART FAMILY. 215 

most celebrated among the prose writers of the period. 
Beaumont and Fletcher, and Philip Massinger, with 
Shakspeare and Jonson, are particularly eminent for 
their achievements in the drama. 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

1603. James I. Reigned 22 years. 

u Conspiracy in favor of Arabella Stuart. 

1605. The Gunpowder Plot. Execution of Guy Fawkes. 

1607. Settlement of Jamestown, in Virginia. 

1611. Translation of the Bible. 

1618. Execution of Sir Walter Raleigh. 

1625. Charles I. Reigned 24 years. 

1627. Disastrous expedition of the Duke of Buckingham. 

1628. Petition of Right. 

" Assassination of the Duke of Buckingham. 

1638. Establishment of the Covenant in Scotland. 

1640. Parliament called after a cessation of 11 years, and again 

dissolved. 

" Invasion of England by the Scots. 

" Meeting of the " Long Parliament" (November 3). 

1641. Execution of the Earl of Strafford. 

1642. Commencement of the Civil War. The King sets up his 

standard at Nottingham. 

" Battle of Edgehill. 

1643. Death of the patriot John Hampden. 

1644. Battle of Marston Moor. 

1645. Execution of Archbishop Laud. 

" Battle of Naseby — signal defeat of the Royalists. 

1647. The King given up by the Scots. 

1648. Colonel Pride's Purge. 

1649. Execution of Charles (January 30). 

" England proclaimed a Commonwealth. 

1650. Defeat of the Scots by Cromwell at Dunbar. 

1651. Battle of Worcester — Cromwell's "Crowning Mercy." 

1652. War with the Dutch. Victories gained by Admiral Blake. 

1653. Dissolution of the Long Parliament by Cromwell. 
" Cromwell appointed " Lord Protector." 



216 THE STUART FAMILY. 

1658. Death of Cromwell (September 3). Richard Cromwell, 

Protector. 

1659. Richard Cromwell resigns the Protectorate. 

1660. Charles II. The Restoration. Reign of 25 years. 

1665. Defeat of the Dutch fleet by James, Duke -of York. 
" Great Plague at London. 

1666. Great victory over the combined Dutch and French fleets. 
" Great fire at London. 

1667. Fall of Clarendon. " The Cabal." 

" Publication of Milton's " Paradise Lost." 

1668. Triple Alliance between England, Holland, and Sweden. 
1673. The Test Act passed by Parliament. 

1678. The so-called " Popish Plot." 

1679. The Habeas Corpus Act passed. 

1683. The Rye-house Plot. Trial and execution of Lord Russell 

and Algernon Sidney. 
1685. James II. Reigned nearly 4 years. 
" Battle of Sedgemoor. Execution of the Duke of Monmouth. 

1688. Trial of the seven bishops. 

" Invasion of William, Prince of Orange. Flight and Ab- 
dication of James II. 

1689. William and Mary proclaimed king and queen. 

1690. Battle of the Boyne. 
1692. Massacre of Glencoe. 

" Battle of La Hogue. 
1694. Death of Queen Mary. 
1694. William III., sole King. 
1697. Treaty of Ryswick. 

1701. The Grand Alliance formed. 

1702. Anne. Reign of 12 years. 

" War of the Spanish Succession. 

1704. Battle of Blenheim. Gibraltar taken. 

1706. Battle of Ramillies. 

1707. Union of England and Scotland. 

1708. Battle of Oudenarde. 

1709. Battle of Malplaquet. 
1711. Marlborough dismissed. 

1713. Treaty of Utrecht. 

1714. Death of Queen Anne. 



THE STUART FAMILY. 



217 



GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE STUART FAMILY. 



James I. 

I 



Henry, 
(died M512.) 



Charles 



Charles II. James II. 



i | 

Henry, Mary, 

(died in 1600.) (married to 
Prince William, 
of Nassau.) 



Elizabeth, 

(Married Frederick, 

Elector Palatine.) 



Mary, Anne, 
(married 

to 
William III., 



James Francis Edward, William III., 

the Pretender. (married his cou- 
sin Mary.) • 



Rupert. Maurice. Sophia, 
married to 
Elector of 
Hanover. 

I 
George I. 



Charles Edward, Henry Benedict, 

the young Cardinal „of York, 
Pretender, (last of the Stuarts,) 
died 1807 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 



PAGE 

. 160 



1. Who was James I., and when did he become king of England ? 

2. Give, as far as you can, the previous history of James 149-152-160 

3. What was the character of James ? 160-161-1 62-163-164 

4. State what you can of Sir Walter Raleigh .. 147, Note 147-160-161-1 62-Note 165 

5. Of the two formidable plots against James 160-161 

6. Of the American grants and settlements made during his reign 161-164-165 

7. Of Lord Bacon, Viscount St. Albans and Chancellor 163 

8. Of Prince Charles's journey to Spain, with its motive and result 163-164 

9. Gi ve the history of the Puritans to this period 146-147-152-104-165 

10. Name, in order, the principal events in the reign of James I. . . 160 165-215 

11. Who was Charles I., arid when did he become king of England ? 163-165 

12. What trouble did Charles have with his first Parliament ? 165 

13. Give the history of the Duke of Buckingham 162-163-104 

14. Of the two attempts to aid the Huguenots 105-106 

15. What troubles did Charles have with his second Parliament ? 106 

16. By what policy and edict did Charles offend the Puritans ? 107-108 

17. What was the Covenant, and what events led to it ? 167-168 

18. Give the history of the Earl of Strafford 167-169, Note p. 169-170 

19. What illegal means for raising supplies did Charles resort to ?. Note p. 165-108 

20. State what you can of the Star Chamber 167, Note p. 167-170 

21. Of Archbishop Laud 167-168-109-170 

22. Give an account of the affairs of Ireland at this time 170 

23. What were the immediate consequences of the rebellion in Ireland ? . . 170-171 

24. Give a full account of Charles's contest with Parliament in the case of 

Kimbolton, Hampden, and others 171-172 

25. State what you can of Hampden 171, Note p. 171-172-173 

26. How did matters between Charles and Parliament come to an issue ?. . 172-173 

10 



218 THE STUAET FAMILY. 

27. What preparations for hostilities were made on both sides ? 173 

2S. Mention several of the first hostile engagements 173 

29. What aid did the Scots render Parliament ? 174-176 

30. What course did the Scots afterward pursue ? 177 

31. State what you can of Prince Rupert 173, Note p. 173-174-176-180-191 

32. Of Sir Thomas Fairfax 173-174-175, Note p. 175-176 

33. State how Charles I. fell into the hands of Parliament and of the army. 176-177 

34. Give an account of his confinement at the Isle of Wight 177 

35. Give an account of his trial and death 178 

36. What can you state of his character ? 178 

37. Name, in chronological order, the principal events of his reign 215 

38. Give an account of the early career of Oliver Cromwell 174-175-176-177-178 

39. Of his subsequent career up to the time of the Protectorship. . 179-180-181-182 

40. How did the Prince of Wales endeavor to save the life of his father ? 179 

41. What were the first measures of the Commons after Charles's death ? 179 

42. Give an account of the % subjugation of Ireland 179-180 

43. Of the war between the English and Dutch 181-1S2 

44. Stat;e what you can of Admiral Blake 180-181-182-183 

45. When was Cromwell appointed " Lord Protector ?" 182 

46. Give an account of th^plosiug scenes of Cromwell's life 183* 

47. Describe his personal-ftp pearance and character . ; ■ 1S3-184 

48. State all you can of Richard Cromwell 183-184 

49. Who was Charles H, and when did he finally ascend the throne ? 179^185 

50. Give an account of General Monk , 180-1S1-184-185 

51. What were the first acts in the reign of Charles Jl,': 185-186 

52. What was done, with the consequences, as reg'ards the clergy? 186 

53. Give an account of the war with Holland 187-188-189 

54. Of the Great Plague and Great Fire TT.. .^^B^m. . 188 

55. Of the relations between Charles II. and Louis XIV , 189-190 

56. Of the war on the part of England and France against the Dutch. A. . . 190-191 

57. Name, in order, the principal events in the reign of Charles II 216 

58. Who was James II., and when did he become king ? 193-194 

59. Name, in chronological order, the principal events in his reign 216 

60. What further can you state of James II. ? 198-1 99-201-202-203-204 

61. What train of events made William and Mary monarchs of England ?. . 197 

62. Name, in chronological order, the principal events in their reign 216 

63. What were the first troubles in William's reign ?. . .' 199-200 

64. Give an account of William's troubles with the Scots 200 

65. Give an account of his troubles in Ireland 200-201-202 

66. Give an account of his troubles with France 201-202-203-204 

67. Give a sketch of his life 190, Note p. 190-197-199-200-201-202-203-204 

68. Who was " Good Queen Anne," and how did she become queen ? 197-205 

69. What were the most important events in her reign ? 205-20(5-207-216 

70. Give an account of the Duke of Marlborough. . 205, Note p. 205-206, Note p. 206 

71. Of the Puritans and Independents during the reign of the Stuarts. 160 209 

72. What religious persecutions marked the period ? 164 210 

73. What progress did commerce and navigation make ? 210-211-212 

74. What progress was made in manufacturing industry ? 213-218 

75. What, in the fine arts and the sciences ? 208-213-214 

76. What, in literature, newspapers, and book-making?. . 164-194-199-208-212-214 

77. Who were the distinguished writers of the period ? 19:5-194-208-214-215 



[A. ». 1715. THE HOUSE OE BRUNSWICK. 219 



section iii. 

The House oe Brunswick. 

Extending from the Accession of George I. (1714) to the present time. 

1714 1- G-eorge I. was the son of the Duke of Bruns- 
to wick, Elector of Hanover, and of Sophia, grand- 
1727 daughter of James L» t To this king England seemed 
always a foreign country, for the people and institutions of 
which he had very little sympathy or regard. He was fifty- 
four years of age when he commenced te reign in England, 
which on his acces -came united to Hanover. The 

Jacobites excited an dun in Scotland in order to 

place on the. thron the Pretender, who had been 

promised important aid by Louis XIV. (1715). The death 
of that monarch, however, disappointed the hopes of James ; 
and he landed in Scotland without men or money. 

2. The Earl of Mar held the Highlands with 10,000 
clansmen, and the Earl of Derwentwater made an effort to 
rouse the people of Northumberland in favor of James ; 
but at the first approach of the royal army, under the Duke 
of Argyle, the Pretender and Mar fled to France, leaving 
their adherents to their fate. Derwentwater and some 
others were taken and executed, the estates of many were 
confiscated, and more than a thousand were banished to 
North America. A short time afterward a treaty of alli- 
ance was entered into between England and France ; and, 
in consequence of it, the Pretender was obliged to seek an 
asylum elsewhere. He subsequently resided principally at 

1 . Who was George I. ? What is said of him ? What caused an insurrection 
in Scotland ? 

2. Who were the leaders? What was the result? What punishments were 
inflicted? What further is said of the Pretender ? 



220 THE HOUSE OF BRUXSWICK. [A. D. 1721. 



Borne, and soon after contracted a marriage with the 
daughter of John Sobies'ki, late King of Poland. 

3. Through her connection with Hanover, England was 
embroiled with Sweden and Spain. Certain Danish prov- 
inces had been ceded to George, which Charles XII., King 
of Sweden, claimed as his own ; and on his return to his 
country after his long exile in Turkey, he threatened hos- 
tilities unless they were restored. Unable to cope with the 
English fleet in the Baltic, he entered into a scheme with 
Cardinal Albero'ni, prime-minister of Spain, to place the 
Pretender on the English throne; and accordingly, the 
latter visited Madrid and was publicly recognized as King 
James III. (1719). Charles was to furnish a large army to 
invade Scotland, and the Spanish fleets were to attack 
England. The defeat, however, of the Spanish fleet by 
Admiral Byng, and the death of Charles XII., rendered 
the whole scheme abortive. 

4. One of the most noted occurrences of this reign was 
the South Sea scheme. This was the project of a corpora- 
tion, called the South Sea Company, to pay off the national 
debt, then about £53,000,000, by profitable mercantile en- 
terprises with the Spaniards in South America. The gov- 
ernment gave its consent to the scheme, and allowed its 
stock to be exchanged for the company's stock, which, in 
consequence of the rage for speculation pervading all 
classes of the people, reached the extraordinary premium 
of nine hundred per cent. The bubble, however, soon 
burst, and occasioned for a time wide-spread embarrass- 
ment and ruin (1720). The king and his prime-minister. 
Lord Stanhope, were charged with having connived at this 
fraud; and the latter, in the excitement of his vindication 
before the House of Lords, burst a blood-vessel, and died 
in a few hours (1T21). He was succeeded by Sir Robert 

3. What caused a difficulty with Sweden ? What plan did Charles XII. adopt ? 

What caused its failure? 

4. South Sea scheme? Effect of the rage for speculation ! What caused the 
death of Lord Stanhope i By whom was he succeeded ': 



A. 1>. 1727.] THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 221 

Walpole, who continued thereafter to direct the govern- 
ment for more than twenty years. 

5. The king was much attached to Hanover, and made 
frequent visits thither. His death occurred in Germany in 
1727. His queen, Sophia Dorothea, had died a few months 
before, after a captivity of more than thirty years, in a 
gloomy castle near Hanover, in which she had been im- 
prisoned by her husband on a charge of infidelity.* 
George I. never gained the regard of his subjects. He 
was sullen and reserved; and, having but little knowledge 
of the English language, appeared to great disadvantage 
in contrast with those who had been trained in the elegant 
and literary society of the preceding reign. He was suc- 
ceeded by his son, who was also named George. Sir Isaac 
Newton, the renowned mathematician, astronomer, and 
physicist, flourished during this and the three preceding 
reigns, dying in 1727, at the age of eighty-five. His greatest 
discovery, that of the law of gravitation, was made during 
the reign of Charles II. 

1727 6- G-eorge II. succeeded his father at the age of 
to forty-four years. Sir Eobert Walpole continued to 
1760 administer the government, having been retained in 
office through the friendship of Queen Caroline, whose in- 
fluence over the king was so great that until her death, in 
1737, she may be said to have ruled England. She was 
remarkable for the grace and dignity of her manners, and 
her conduct was characterized by kindness of heart, good 
sense, and propriety. Walpole's administration was one of 
peace ; but his parliamentary tactics depended for success 
upon bribery and corruption. By bestowing titles of honor, 

* George I. was.ionrneyinjr toward Hanover, with his favorite, the Duchess of Kendal, when a 
letter was thrown into his coach. It was addressed to him by his wife, who in it protested her 
innocence, upbraided him for his cruel treatment of her, and it is said summoned him to meet 
her with n a year before the divine tribunal. The alarm occasioned by this letter brimght on a 
fit of apoplexy of which he died. 



5. Death of the king? Queen Sophia? Character of George I.? His suc- 
cessor ? Sir Isaac Newton ? 

6. What is said of George II. ? Sir Robert Walpole? Queen Caroline ? Wal- 
pole' s administration? 



222 THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. [A. D. 1744. 

places of profit, or sums of money, he always succeeded in 
commanding a majority in Parliament. 

7. A contest with Spain occurred during his administra- 
tion, brought on by a dispute with respect to the boundary 
of the American colony Georgia, which had been settled 
by General Oglethorpe* in 1733, and named after the king; 
and by the ^efforts made by Spain to check the trade be- 
tween England and the Spanish colonies in America, 
British ships being stopped on the ocean, and searched by 
the Spaniards. Admiral Vernon, who was sent out with a 
fleet to attack the Spanish settlements, captured Porto 
Bello, on the Isthmus of Darien (1739). He afterward 
attacked Cartbagena,t the strongest of these settlements ; 
but, after destroying most of its forts, was compelled to re- 
tire (1741). Another squadron, under Commodore Anson, J 
took and destroyed one of the Spanish cities in Peru, and 
together with other prizes, captured an East India galleon, 
carrying a cargo valued at £300,000. Anson was engaged 
in this expedition nearly four years, returning by way of the 
Cape of Good Hope, thus completing the circumnavigation 
of the globe (1740-4). 

8. Meanwhile, England had become involved in a con- 
tinental war. On the death of Charles VI., Emperor of 
Germany (1740), Louis XV., King of France, setting aside 
the hereditary claims of Maria Theresa (te-re'zah), the em- 
peror's daughter, to the Austrian States, conferred them 
upon the Elector of Bavaria, who was raised to the im- 
perial throne. The young and beautiful princess, taking 
refuge among the Hungarians, appeared in their assembly 

* Born in ltj-8; served with Prince Euirene as aid-de-camp. He made a vigorous defence of 
(Jeorjria against the Spaniards in Florida, and afterward served agaiust the rebels in Scotland, 
lie died in 17.S5. at the advanced ajre of ninety-seven 

+ Carthagena. or Cartagena, is a considerable town on the northern coast of South America, 
now in the United States of Colombia. 

$ One of the most distinguished of England's naval officers. Besides the exploit referred to. he 
performed several others which reflected upon him great glory. His services were rewarded by a 
tit ie. by George II. Lord Anson died in 17(12. immensely popular, not only on account of his 
great achievements, but I y reason oi his simple manners ana ar.less character. It was jocosely 
Said ol him that liy had been round thii worl I, but never in it. 

7. War with Spain? Georgia? What did Admiral Vernon accomplish? 
Commodore Anson? (See note.) 

8. What led to the War of the Austrian Succession? Who rescued? 



A. D. 1745.] THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 223 

with her infant in her arms ; and they answered her appeal 
by proclaiming her queen, and enthusiastically drew their 
swords to sustain her cause. England, also supporting 
the cause of the Austrian princess,* was involved in a war 
with France. This war is called in history the "War of the 
Austrian Succession." Sir Eobert Walpole, being opposed 
to the interference of England in this war, resigned his 
office (1742). 

9. George II., who had served under Marlborough, joined 
the allied army of English and Germans, to aid in the 
defence of the Hungarian queen, and took part in the 
battle of Dettingenf {clef ting -en), which resulted in the 
defeat of the French (1743). This was the last occasion 
on which a king" of England has commanded an armv in 
person. The next year an indecisive action was fought 
between the English fleet, under Admiral Matthews, and 
the combined French and Spanish fleets, off Toulon. This 
was followed by a campaign in Flanders, in which the 
allies (England, Holland, and Austria), under the Duke of 
Cumberland, second son of George II., were defeated by 
the French under Marshal Saxe (sax) in the memorable 
battle of FontenoyJ (fon-ta-nivati) (1745.) The opera- 
tions of the war also extended to the American colonies; 
and Louisburg, an important French fortress, called from its 
strength, the "Gibraltar of America," was captured (1745). 

10. After the battle of Fontenoy, the English troops were 
called from the continent to defend their own country against 
an invasion and rebellion on behalf of the exiled Stuarts. 
The year previous, the French had collected a fleet which 

*This elector of Bavaria was the son of him who had fonirht against Marlborough,, and was 
thus viewed as an hereditary enemy of England: and. moreover, his success, it was thought by 
the English statesmen, would imperil the safety of the European states, inasmuch as it would 
increase the influence of France, and thus destroy the " balance of power."' 

+ Dettingen is a village of Bavaria, on the .Main river, e ist of Frankfort. 

t Fontenoy is a village of Belgium, forty-three miles southwest from Brussels, about half-way 
between Oudenarde and M .lplaquet. (See Map of France, p 55.) 



9. Battle of Dettingen? What naval action occurred? What campaign fol- 
lowed ? Battle of Fontenoy ? What American fortress was taken ? 

1 0. Attempt of the Stuarts to regain the throne ? Invasion by Charles Edward ? 
What was done by him J 



"ZM THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. [A.D.I 746. 

was to aid an army under Marshal Saxe in the invasion 01 
England; but, the fleet haying been dispersed in a storm, 
the attempt was abandoned. Charles Edward, son of the 
Pretender, however, determined to make an effort to recover 
the English throne for his father. He sailed for Scotland 
with a few friends, and landed near Inverness, where he 
was soon joined by several Highland chieftains with their 
clans, among whom was the celebrated Cameron of Lochiel 
(lok-JieeT). Having taken Edinburgh and some other of 
the Scottish towns, he caused his father to be proclaimed 
King of Scotland under the title of James VIII. (1T45). 

11. Soon after this he met the royal forces, under Sir 
John Cope, at Preston Pans, and defeated them with great 
loss. This alarmed the English; and George II. having 
hurriedly returned from Hanover, a considerable force was 
collected, and placed under the Duke of Cumberland, 
second son of the king. Meanwhile, Charles, after some 
delay, crossed the border, and marched within one hundred 
and thirty miles of London, occasioning a very great panic in 
that city, the king himself preparing for flight. Charles's 
officers, however, refused to proceed; and he was compelled, 
though with great reluctance, to retreat. The royal army 
pursued, and an engagement took place at Culloden, in 
which the Pretender and his adherents were entirely de- 
feated (1746). 

12. This was the last battle fought on the soil of Great 
Britain, and closed the long struggle made by the Stuarts 
to regain their lost throne. Charles wandered in disguise 
through the country for five months; but at last, though 
his secret was intrusted to several hundred persons, and a 
reward of £30,000 had been offered for his capture, he suc- 
ceeded in effecting his escape to France* Many of those 

* Charles Edward spent the remainder of his life principally at Rome. beaririLr the title of 
Duke of Albany. In his later years he gave himself up to intemperance, and died of apoplexy. 

11. What victory did he gun? The effect of it? What led to the battle of 
Oil oden ? It* re-ult ! 

12. What i$ said of the battle? Escape of Charles? Punishment inflicted 
upon hid adherent c ": 



A. D. 1755.] THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 225 



engaged in this rebellion were condemned, and either exe- 
cuted or transported. Among those who suffered death 
were Lord Lovat,* and some of the other Scottish nobles. 

13. A treaty of peace was made with France at Aix-la- 
Chapelle (1748), by which Maria Theresa's claim to the 
throne was confirmed; but the war was soon afterward 
renewed in consequence of disputes respecting the bound- 
ary of the French and English possessions in North 
America. In 1755, General Braddock was defeated by the 
French in an expedition against Fort du Quesne (doo-kane'), 
and the survivors owed their escape mainly to the courage 
and skill of George Washington, then an officer in the 
Virginia militia. General Johnson gained a victory over 
the French and Indians at the head of Lake George, Baron 
Dieskau (de-es-ko'), the French commander, being wounded 
and taken prisoner. An expedition under Colonel Monck- 
ton (monk' tun), the same year, drove the French from 
Nova Scotia (1755); and Louisburg was taken a second 
time, after a siege of one month (1758). In 1759, General 
Wolfe succeeded in reaching the "Plains of Abraham" 
with his army, and defeated the French forces under the 
Marquis of Montcalm (mont-fcam'). Both generals were 
killed. Quebec capitulated after this victory, which virtu- 
ally gave the possession of Canada to the English. 

14. Meanwhile, England had taken part in the famous 
" Seven Years' War," brought on by a coalition of France 
and several of the other European states against Frederick 
the Great, of Prussia. England, principally with the ob- 

in 1788. Nineteen years afterward, his brother Henry, Cardinal of York, the last male heir of 
the Stuart line, expired. In St. Peter's, at Rome, a monmneiit by Canova still bears the three 
empty titles, James III.. Charles III., Hem// IX., of England. 

* Simon Fraser, Lord Lovat, had been for some time a noted character. Selfish and treacher- 
ous, he appears to have been actuated only by the desire of aggrandizing himself. In Queen 
Anne's reitrii he had engaged in a scheme to gain money by revealing a pretended plot in favor 
of the exiled Stuarts. In 1715 lie joined the government side ; and in J745 he endeavored to play 
a double garae, sending out his clan under the command of his son, while he pretended to sup- 
port the Kuverninent. 



13. What treaty was made? Renewal of the war/ What events occurred in 
North America ? 

1 -Jr. What European war had broken out? Its cause? Connection of England 
with it? Administration of William Pitt? Ill success of the Duke of Cumber- 
land ? Events of the next year ? 

10* 



226 THE HOUSE OF BKUXSWICK. [A. D. 1760. 

ject of defending the electorate of Hanover, formed an 
alliance with the Prussian monarch ; and, under the able 
administration of William Pitt, afterward Earl of Chatham, 
the government displayed great vigor and enterprise. The 
want of success, however, of the Duke of Cumberland, 
enabled the French to overrun Hanover (1757), at which 
the king was so indignant, that he treated his son with the 
greatest coldness. Offended at this treatment, the victor 
of Culloden resigned all his offices, and went into retire- 
ment. Hanover was recovered the next year, and impor- 
tant advantages were gained by Frederick. 

15. The French having threatened to invade England, 
Pitt sent an expedition against Cherbourg (slier'burg), 
which was captured, and a large quantity of ammunition 
and other stores destroyed. Some of the other French 
ports were also attacked, but not with the same success 
(1758). The English fleets, under Admirals Rodney, Bos- 
caw'en, and Hawke, gained some signal victories during 
the following year; and the army, sent by Pitt into Ger- 
many to co-operate with the Prussians, defeated the 
enemy with great loss in the battle of Minden;* where the 
victory would have been still more decided had Lord Sack- 
ville, who commanded the cavalry, obeyed the instructions 
given him to charge the routed army. For this failure he 
was dismissed by Pitt from all his employments (1759). 

16. These events, combined with the glorious achieve- 
ments of Wolfe in America, shed a peculiar lustre over the 
close of this reign. George II. died suddenly the following 
year at the advanced age of seventy-seven (Oct. 25, 1760). 
Although, during the whole of his reign, he remained 
thoroughly German in character, he was by no means as 
unpopular as his father had been ; for his subjects admired 

* Minden is a strongly fortified town of Prussia, near the frontier of Hanover. 



15. Expeditions against the French ports? What admirals gained victories ? 
Battle of Minden? 

16. What shed a lustre on the close of George 11/9 reign! His death? His 
Character? Successor? 



A. ». 1751.] 



THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 



/Cv | 



his courage, skill, and activity as a soldier, while his good 
nature was such as to excite their affection and esteem. 
Hence, with the exception of the partisans of the Stuarts, 
all were well inclined toward him ; and the foreign wars 
in which he engaged, although not undertaken in the in- 
terest of England, were borne by the people with patience. 
His son Frederick having died some years before (1751), 
he was succeeded by his grandson George — the first of 
the Brunswick kings that was a native of England. 



Khyberji 



£«r*# 







17. Conquests in India. — The reign of George II. is 
particularly memorable for the conquests made by the 



17. For what, is this reign distinguished? Difficulties in India? Fort St. 
George ? Aurun^zebe ? 



228 THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. [A. ». 1751, 

English iii India. Their first settlements had been com- 
pelled to struggle against the jealous opposition of the 
Portuguese and Dutch; but at this time they had to con- 
tend with a more powerful rival — the French. During 
the war of the Austrian Succession, Fort St. George, 
at Madras, was captured by the French, but was given 
back by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. The struggle soon 
recommenced, the French allying themselves with the 
native princes against the English. Previous to this time, 
Au-rung-zebe', the Great Mogul, who had usurped the 
imperial power at Delhi (1658), had raised his empire to 
the highest pitch of splendor and greatness; but under 
his feeble and dissolute successors it fell rapidly to pieces, 
and the viceroys of the provinces usurped the power of 
independent rulers. 

18. Of these the Nabob of Arcot, the capital of the 
Carnatic,* alone remained friendly to the English ; and he, 
being attacked by the French and their Indian allies, was 
on the point of surrendering, when Robert Clive,f by one 
of the most daring expeditions recorded in histoiw, restored 
the influence of his countrymen. With a band of 500 
men, most of them Sepoys, or native soldiers, he attacked 
and took Arcot, a city of 100,000 inhabitants, and subse- 
quently repulsed the French, who made a strong effort to 
regain its possession (1751). A few years later, when Cal- 
cutta had been taken by the nabob Su-ra'jah DoAv'lah, and 
the English prisoners confined and stifled in the garrison 

* The Carnatic was one of the old divisions of India, extending one hundred and ten miles 
along the east coast, and consisting of eight of the present districts of the Presidency of .Madras. 
Its greatest breadth was about one hundred and ten miles. 

t ('live was one of the greatest of the warriors and statesmen who took part in the conquest 
of India. He was at first employed as a clerk in the civil service at Madras, but joyfully 
abandoned the pen for the sword on the breaking out of the troubles with the French in 1751. 
On his return to England in 1760. he was made Baron of Plassey, and lived in great splendor 
on the immense wealth which he had acquired in the East. The East India Company's affairs 
having become deranged, from the dishonesty and inefficiency of its servants, he was chosen, 
in 17*>i, to set them right. This was accomplished within a very brief period ; and he again 
returned to England in b(>7. Soon afterw; r-l his conduct was brought under parliamentary cen- 
sure, and Clive, smarting with the disgrace, committed suicide (Nov. 22, 1774). 



18. What was accomplished by Robert Clive? Where is Arcot? Madras? 
Calcutta ? (See map of British India.) 



A. I>. 1T60.] THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 229 

prison, called the "Black Hole" (1756),* Olive, with his 
accustomed energy and dispatch, fitted out an expedition 
at Madras, and marching to Calcutta, regained possession 
of the town and the English fort (1757). 

19. Assisted hy Admiral Watson, he prosecuted the war in 
Northern India with the utmost vigor and daring; and in the 
memorable battle of Plassey, completely defeated the native 
army, 50,000 strong, under Surajah Dowlah, with a force of 
about 3,000 (June 23, 1757). This splendid victory broke the 
power of the native princes in Bengal, and gave that province 
to the English. Three years afterward, another victory was 
gained by the English under Sir Eyre Coote,f at Wan'di- 
wash ; and Pondicherry (pon-de-sher'ry), some months 
later, having been taken from the French, British suprem- 
acy was likewise established in the Carnatic (1760). These 
great achievements were announced in England shortly 
after the death of George II. 

20. During this and the preceding reign, English litera- 
ture was enriched by the publication of many works of 
genius. Daniel Defoe wrote his principal work, " Eobinson 
Crusoe" (1719) ; Jonathan Swift, Dean of St. Patrick's, 
Dublin, noted for his eccentricity and the bitterness of his 
satires, published "Gullivers Travels" (1726) and many 
other works showing great power and fertility; James 
Thomson, the poet of nature, gave to the world the 
"Seasons" (1726-30); Isaac Watts published "Divine 
Songs for Children;" Bishop Butler wrote the "Analogy 
of Eeligion to Nature," a work greatly celebrated for its 

* The prisoners, one hundred and forty-six in number, including one woman, were thrust 
into this dreadful dungeon, only eighteen feet by fourteen, with two small windows, and shut 
up there during a night of intense heat. The sufferings of these wretched beings, from thirst 
and suffocation, were terrible; and in the morning only twenty-three remained alive, among 
whom was the Englishwoman. This dreadful outrage excited universal indignation against 
the monster by whom it was perpetrated. 

t Sir Eyre Ooote had served with distinction against the rebels in Scotland, in 1715. He was 
present at the battle of Plassey, and greatly distinguished himself. He afterward served as 
commander-in-chief in India, where he died in 1783. A mouument was erected to him in 
Westminster Abbey. 

19. Other achievements of Clive? Effect of the battle of Plassey? How was 
the control of the Carnatic gained ? Sir Eyre Coote ? (See note.) 

20. English literature ? What authors" flourished during the reign of the first 
two Georges ? Mention their principal works. 



230 THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. [A. ». 1761. 

justness oi reasoning; and Richard Bentley, the profound 
classical scholar and critic, published many learned dis- 
sertations, with reference to one of which Swift wrote the 
famous " Battle of the Books." The " Grave," by Robert 
Blair, is also a noted work of this period, being greatly 
prized as one of the finest specimens of blank verse of the 
century. 

1760 21. George III. — This prince ascended the throne 
to at a time of great rejoicing for the glorious victories 
1§20 g a i n ed in North America and India. Wolfe in one, 
and Clive in the other, had shed the most resplendent 
lustre on the English arms; but their successes were in 
great part due to the able administration of the "Great 
Commoner," as the people were fond of styling the illustri- 
ous prime minister, William Pitt. The French being now 
seriously embarrassed by their defeats, entered into an alli- 
ance with Spain, called the Family Compact, since the 
kings were all of the Bourbon family (1761). Pitt, on 
learning this, urged an immediate declaration of war 
against Spain ; but being overruled in the council, re- 
signed, and was succeeded by the Earl of Bute, the former 
tutor and now the especial favorite of the king. 

22. In the same year the king married Charlotte, a Ger- 
man princess, of Mecklenburg Strelitz, then only seventeen 
years of age, but intelligent' and amiable. She had won, 
it is said, the affections of George while Prince of Wales, 
by a spirited letter which she wrote to Frederick the Great, 
and in which she besought him to stop the ravages of war 
then desolating her own and other German states, the 
people suffering inconceivable miseries from the cruelty of 
the merciless Prussian soldiery. 

23. Notwithstanding the retirement of Pitt, the war 



21. What is said of the time of George III.'r accession? The "Great Com- 
moner? 11 What caused his resignation ? His successor ? 

22. Marriage of the kitiir? Princess Charlotte's letter to Frederick the Great? 

23. War with Spain ? What captures were made? Peace of Paris ? What led 
to Bute's resignation ? His successor? 



A.D. 1765.] THE HOUSE OF BRUKSWICK. 231 

with Spain could not be avoided, and was entered into with 
spirit. Several of the islands of the West Indies were 
captured, and the city of Havana taken, after a desperate 
siege. The Philippine Islands were also captured, and many 
rich Spanish prizes made on the ocean. These successes, 
however, were of little avail ; for Bute, alarmed at the vast 
increase of the national debt (now amounting to about a 
million and a quarter sterling), consented to a treaty, which 
was made at Paris (Feb. 10, 1763), thus terminating the 
" Seven Years' War." The restoration of Havana and 
some of the other conquests made this treaty very unpopu- 
lar; and Bute, frightened by the storm of execration which 
assailed him, resigned his office, and was succeeded by 
George Grenville (1763). 

24. The statements made by the king in his speech from 
the throne having been violently attacked in a scurrilous 
journal styled the "North Briton," and edited by John 
Wilkes, a member of Parliament, Wilkes was arrested and 
thrown into the Tower. He was, however, discharged on 
account of his privilege as a member of Parliament ; but at 
the next session, the Commons decided that the publication 
was "a false, scandalous, and malicious libel," and ordered it 
to be burnt by the hangman ; and Wilkes himself was expelled 
from the House by a unanimous vote. Nevertheless, the 
prosecution was impolitic, Wilkes being supported by the 
people, on account of their intense dislike of the adminis- 
tration; and subsequently he was again returned to Parlia- 
ment, and afterward elected Lord Mayor of London. 

25. The most impolitic measure of the government was 
the passage of the celebrated " Stamp Act," for the purpose 
of raising a revenue by taxing the American colonies 
(1765). The people of the colonies resisted the measure 
on the ground that they were not represented in the Eng- 

24. John Wilkes and the North Briton ? Action of Parliament ? Result of the 
prosecution of Wilkes? ? Cause of his popularity? 

25. The Stamp Act? Why opposed by rhe colonists ? Why repealed ? What 
other law was passed ? Its effect ? 



232 THE HOUSE OF BKUXSWICK. [A. D. 1773. 

lish Parliament, and "that taxation and representation, by 
the British constitution, are inseparable." Pitt attacked the 
measure with great vigor and eloquence; and, Grenville 
having resigned, the act was repealed (1766). The next 
year the ministry again attempted to compel the colonies 
to assist in raising supplies for the English governmeut, 
imposing a tax upon tea, glass, paper, and painters' colors. 
A storm of opposition was again excited by this measure ; 
and soon afterward the duties were withdrawn from all 
articles except tea, which was taxed at the rate of three- 
pence per pound (1770). 

26. This was not satisfactory to the people of the colo- 
nies; since they contended not against the amount of 
taxes imposed but against the principle, which involved 
the right to tax them to an unlimited extent without their 
consent. By an arrangement made by the prime minister, 
Lord North, the East India Company, who had large 
stores of tea in their warehouses, sent several shiploads to 
America, to be sold to the colonists on easy terms, but still 
liable to the duty. This occasioned increased opposi- 
tion. The tea for JSTew York and Philadelphia was sent 
back to London, without being landed ; in Charleston, it 
was stored in cellars, where it perished; and in Boston, a 
party of men, disguised as Indians, boarded the ships, 
broke open the chests of tea, and emptied their contents 
into the water (Dec. 1773). 

27. In retaliation for this act of bold defiance, the Eng- 
lish government passed the Boston Port Bill, by which 
that port was closed to all commerce, and the seat of the 
colonial government of Massachusetts was removed to 
Salem. The people of Salem, unwilling to thrive at the 
expense of their neighbors, offered the free use of their 
wharves to the Boston merchants; and Marblehead, fifteen 

26. Why was the repeal unsatisfactory? Why were large quantities of tea 
sent to America? What was done with it* 

27. The Boston Port Bill? Conduct of the people of Salem? Of Marblehead? 
What other act was passed by Parliament ? 



A. O. 1776.] THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 233 

miles distant from the despoiled town, made a similar offer. 
Other acts, which were considered gross violations of the 
charters and rightful privileges of the colonies, were also 
passed by Parliament. Among these was one for quarter- 
ing the king's troops on the colonists. 

28. The resistance which the Americans made to these 
obnoxious measures was encouraged by many of the lead- 
ing men in Parliament ; among whom were William Pitt, 
now the Earl of Chatham, Edmund Burke, and Charles 
Fox. The ministry, however, were determined to reduce the 
colonies to obedience, and thus was brought on the war of 
the American Revolution, which commenced at Lexington, 
Massachusetts (April 19, 1775). This was soon followed 
by the battle of Bunker Hill (more properly Breed's Hill), in 
which the American militia, though with great difficulty, 
were driven from their position, and compelled to retreat 
(June 17). A few weeks later, George Washington, by ap- 
pointment from the Colonial Congress, assumed command 
of the army; and in the month of March following, com- 
pelled the British army, under General Howe, to evacuate 
Boston (1776). 

29. The same year the thirteen colonies, through their 
representatives in Congress, declared their independence 
(July 4), a short time after which Lord Howe arrived with 
a fleet off Sandy Hook. He and his brother, General Howe, 
had been commissioned to grant pardons to all who would 
lay down their arms and return to their allegiance ; and, 
accordingly, they issued a proclamation to the people to 
that effect, and sent letters to Washington. The latter, 
however, were not received, as they were addressed to "G. 
Washington Esq," thus avoiding any recognition of his 
position as General. Previously to this, the British govern- 
ment had sent over a large body of German troops, hired 

2S. By whom were the colonists supported? When and where did the war 
commence ? Battle of Bunker Hill ? Washington's first achievement? 

2 !». Declaration of Independence? What followed? Letters of Howe ? Hes- 
sian troops ? 



234 THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. [A. ». 1785. 



from the Landgrave of Hesse, the Duke of Brunswick, and 
other petty German sovereigns. 

30. A series of disastrous defeats to the Americans fol- 
lowed, and the cities of New York and Philadelphia fell 
successively into the hands of the British; but General 
Burgoyne, invading the states of Canada, was effectually 
checked at Saratoga by the Americans under General 
Gates, and compelled to surrender his entire army (Oct. 
17, 1777). This important victory secured for the states 
the alliance and aid of France, as well as the acknowledg- 
ment of their independence by that power (1778). The 
war, however, continued for several years, until the British 
army under Cornwallis having surrendered at Yorktown 
to the combined forces of the Americans and French (Oct. 
19, 1781), the English government could no longer with- 
stand the demands of the people, that no further attempt 
should be made to reduce the insurgent colonies. 

31. A preliminary treaty was soon afterward made, ac- 
knowledging their independence (Nov. 30, 1782), and this 
was definitively signed at Paris (Sept. 3, 1783). By the 
terms of this treaty, the northern boundary of the United 
States was fixed at the Great Lakes, and the western at the 
Mississippi river; and an unlimited right of fishing on the 
banks of Newfoundland was conceded. The first minister 
from the new republic, Mr. Adams, was received by the 
king with great affability and kindness (1785), the monarch 
remarking that, though he had been the last to consent to 
the separation of the colonies, he would be the first to 
welcome the United States as an independent power. 

32. The Earl of Chatham did not five to see the inde- 
pendence of the colonies. He had protested against the 
course of the ministry in unjustly imposing taxes upon 

30. What defeats were sustained by the Americans'? What led to General 
Bunroyne's surrender? What did the victory secure * What closed the war? 

31. What treaty was made? What was 'fixed as the boundary of the United 
States ? Who was the first minister irom the United States to England ? How was 
he received by the king? 

32. Course of the Earl of Chatham? Under what circumstances did his death 
ocour ? 



A. ». 1779.] THE HOUSE OE BRUNSWICK. 235 

them, predicting that it would lead to their separation 
from the mother country. When, therefore, after the sur- 
render of Burgoyne, a motion was made in the House of 
Lords to obtain peace at any price, though suffering from 
extreme illness, he rose from his bed, and, going to the 
House, protested, with his usual vehement eloquence, 
against the dismemberment of the empire. On rising to 
reply to some remarks in opposition to his views, he fell 
back in convulsions, and was carried insensible from the 
house. Four days afterward he expired (1778). 

33. It was not with her colonies alone that England had 
carried on war. The acknowledgment of their independ- 
ence by France led to a war with that country; and this 
was soon followed by hostilities with Spain (1779) and 
Holland (1780), which powers were joined, in what was 
called the "armed neutrality," by Russia, Sweden, and 
Denmark. Thus all the most powerful nations of Europe 
arrayed themselves against Great Britain; but the latter, 
by means of her powerful fleets, succeeded in thwarting 
their hostile designs. The Spaniards made an attack on 
Gibraltar, but were repulsed, after a three years' siege, with 
severe loss; the Dutch suffered greatly by the destruction* 
of their commerce ; and the French fleet was totally de- 
feated by Rodney, after it had aided in compelling the 
surrender of Cornwallis (April, 1782). A small squadron 
of French and American vessels, under the famous John 
Paul Jones,* had, however, gained a splendid victory over 
two British frigates near the coast of Scotland (1779). 

34. During the American war important advantages had 
been gained by the British in India, under Warren Hast- 

* John Paul Jones was born in Scotland, in 1747. At the age of twelve, he was apprenticed 
to a shipmaster who was engaged in the American trade. When the American Revolution 
broke out, he was in Virginia, and soon after entered the American service. His name was 
John Paul, to which, for some reason, he added Jones. After the Revolution, he entered the 
Russian naval service, and took an active part in the Turkish war. He died at Paris in 179-i. 



33. With what other countries did England wage war during the same period ? 
The "Armed Neutrality ?" Achievements of the English fleet? Siege of Gibraltar ? 
How did the Dutch suffer? The French fleet ? What was done by Paul Jones ? 

34. What advantages were gained in India during the same period? Warren 
Hastings ? Why was he impeached ? 



236 THE HOUSE OF BKUXSWICK. [A. ». 1788. 

ings, by whom, with the aid of the veteran warrior, Sir Eyre 
Coote, Hyder Ali (ah'le), the most energetic of the native 
princes, had been repulsed in several attacks on the Carnatic. 
The measures, however, which Hastings adopted to obtain 
money, in order to make the large remittances expected 
by the East India Company, were characterized by great 
oppression and injustice toward the native princes and 
their subjects. Accordingly, after his return to England, 
articles of impeachment were presented against him in 
Parliament by the celebrated Edmund Burke (1788). 

35. His trial, in Westminster Hall, is one of the most 
memorable mentioned in history. It commenced in 1788, 
and lasted till 1795, resulting in the acquittal of Hastings, 
who complained that his arraignment had occurrred in 
one generation, and that the judgment was not pronounced 
till the next. This trial was not only remarkable for its 
length, but for the brilliant talents and eloquence displayed 
by the managers of the impeachment, among whom were 
Burke, Sheridan, Eox, and Windham, — a galaxy of dis- 
tinguished men unsurpassed for splendor of genius in the 
annals of any country. 

36. During this period, the premiership had been held 
by William Pitt, son of the Earl of Chatham, to whom, 
although only twenty-four years of age, it was given in 
1783, and who continued to govern the country during 
eighteen years, a much longer period than any minister 
since Walpole. When he commenced his administration, 
the people were discontented, and the treasury exhausted 
by the long and expensive wars just brought to a close; 
but, by his consummate ability, confidence was soon re- 
stored, and in a few years the finances of the country were 
so much improved that ten millions of the national 
debt had been paid off. An event, however, occurred 
that baffled his far-seeing calculations, and convulsed all 

3 5. Trial of Hastings ? For what was it remarkable ? 

36. What is said of William Pitt ? Kesultb of bib administration ? What oc- 
curred to defeat his plains * 



A. ». 1798.] THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 237 

Europe. This was the breaking out of the great French 
Eevolution (1789). 

37. At first, the revolutionists in France received con- 
siderable sympathy in their efforts to obtain for the people 
a proper share in the government, and to abolish the 
dreadful system of oppression and misrule under which 
France had for centuries groaned in misery ; but their ex- 
cesses soon disgusted and alarmed every civilized nation in 
Europe. After the execution of the French king, Louis 
XVI., in 1793, Great Britain, Holland, Russia, and Spain 
formed a coalition to restore the monarchy in France, and 
thus prevent the spread of republican principles into other 
countries, the French Convention having voted that they 
would give assistance to every nation that wished to 
" recover its liberty." 

38. Against this formidable combination, the revolu- 
tionary government showed the most extraordinary vigor 
aud activity. In a short time they sent eight armies into 
the field, aud successfully baffled the most strenuous efforts 
of their enemies. The English fleets, under Lord Howe, 
Admiral Duncan, and Lord Nelson, gained, however, sev- 
eral brilliant victories. During this struggle, Napoleon 
Bonaparte carved his way to fame and fortune. After de- 
feating the Austrians in Italy in two brilliant campaigns, 
he induced the French government, then administered by 
the "Directory," to consent to an expedition designed to 
conquer Egypt, as a means of attacking the commerce and 
power of England in the East (1798). 

39. Landing there with an immense army, he captured 
Alexandria, and then marched toward Cairo {ki'ro), which, 
after defeating the Mamelukes in the noted " Battle of the 
Pyramids," he entered (1798). This gave him possession 

37. The French revolutionists? What coalition was formed against them? 
Why? 

38. Conduct of the revolutionary government ? Achievements of the English 
fleets ? Napoleon Bonaparte V Ilis mode of attacking England ? 

39. What did he accomplish in Egypt? The Battle of the Nile? What was 
Nelson's conduct? How rewarded ? 



238 THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. [A. ». 1799. 

of the country; but a few days afterward Nelson destroyed 
the French fleet in the memorable "Battle of the Nile/'* 
and thus cut off the retreat of the invaders. Of all the 
ships that had carried Bonaparte's army to Egypt, only 
four escaped to carry the news of the disaster to France. 
Nelson displayed all his characteristic gallantry and skill, 
and Avas severely wounded in the action. He was rewarded 
by a liberal annuity, and the title of Baron Nelson of the 
Nile. 

40. In consequence of the invasion of Egypt, the Turkish 
sultan declared war against France; and Napoleon, there- 
fore, leaving Egypt in charge of one of his generals, 
undertook an expedition into Syria. Several towns, one 
after the other, yielded to his arms, among them Jaffa, where 
he caused a large number of the Turkish prisoners to be 
massacred. At Acre, he found the Sultan's fleet under the 
command of Sir Sydney Smith, an English officer; and 
after a siege of nearly two months, was compelled to re- 
treat (1799). Having returned to Egypt, he went on board, 
a French man-of-war in the night, and accompanied by 
some of his best generals, the others being left with the 
army, succeeded in escaping the English cruisers, and 
arrived safely in France. A change in the government 
took place soon afterward, and Bonaparte assumed its con- 
trol under the title of First Consul. 

41. Meanwhile, the revolutionary spirit had spread to 
Ireland, and excited a determination on the part of the 
people there to regain the independence of which they had 
so long been deprived by the English, whose yoke had been 
galling in the extreme, especially to the Irish peasantry. 
Left to the mercies of the agents appointed by their foreign 

* Fought in Aboukir Bay, in the northern part of Egypt. (See Progressive Map, No. 6.) 



40. Why did Napoleon invade Syria? What was done there? Siege of Acre ? 
Napoleon's escape ? What change occurred in the French government ? 

4 1* Affairs in Ireland? Oppression of the Irish peasantry? "Society of 
United Irishmen?" The Orangemen? 



A. 1>. 1S01.] THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 239 

lords, this wretched people suffered every species of insult 
and oppression, to which was also added the bitterness of 
religious persecution. The u Society of United Irishmen" 
was formed in 1791, and declared its objects to be a reform 
of the legislature according to the principles of civil, politi- 
cal, and religious liberty. It consisted of Protestants as 
Avell as Catholics; although the majority of Irish Prot- 
estants, called " Orangemen," opposed these views, and 
favored a continuance of the English rule. 

'42. Two expeditions sent by France to assist the Irish 
patriots were destroyed ; but a formidable insurrection 
broke out soon afterward, the number in arms being esti- 
mated at 250,000 (1798). Numerous engagements occurred 
in various quarters, but generally to the disadvantage of 
the insurgents, who were finally compelled to submit to 
the government (1800). It was then proposed to unite the 
two countries under one parliament, and although the 
measure was violently opposed by many, among whom 
were Grattan and Curran, the most eloquent of the Irish 
orators, the bill for the union, which had passed the English 
legislature, was accepted by the Parliament of Ireland 
(1801).* Thereafter, the kingdom assumed the title of the 
"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland." 

43. Sir Ealph Abercrombie, who had been sent to Egypt, 
gained an important victory over the French forces which 
had been left by Napoleon in that country as a standing 
menace to the power of Great Britain (1801). Abercrom- 
bie was mortally wounded in the action; but his successor, 
General Hutchinson, having formed a union with the 
Turks, captured Cairo and Alexandria, the French sur- 
rendering with the agreement that they should be carried 

* This, it was generally asserted an( j acknowledged, was accomplished by Pitt by means of 
bribing the members. 



42. The Irish rebellion of 1708? Its result? Legislative union of England 
and Ireland ? 

43. Sir Ralph Abercrombie's victory? Other victories of the English? 
Capitulation of the French ? The Rosotta stone ': 



240 THE HOUSE OE BRUNSWICK. [A. D. 1S03. 

back to France at the expense of the allied powers. The 
French savans "were only permitted to retain their own 
manuscripts and private papers, all the scientific collections 
which they had made for the French republic being sur- 
rendered to the victors. Among the latter was the famous 
Bosetta stone, so useful afterward in furnishing a basis for 
deciphering the hieroglyphics on the Egyptian monuments. 

44. Meanwhile, the northern powers — Russia, Sweden, and 
Denmark, had formed a league to protect their commerce 
against the British, who claimed the right of searching the 
vessels of neutral nations; and being soon joined by Prus- 
sia, they commenced acts of hostility against Great Britain. 
Accordingly, a fleet under Sir Hyde Parker and Lord Xel- 
son, was sent to the Baltic, and in an action that ensued 
off Copenhagen, the Danish fleet, principally through the 
desperate valor of JSTelson,* was destroyed. This had the 
effect to detach Denmark from the league ; and the Emperor 
Paul being, about the same time, assassinated, Alexander, 
his successor, resolved on a policy friendly to the British 
(1801). Shortly afterward, a treaty was signed by Great 
Britain and the northern powers, by which the rights of 
neutral navigation were satisfactorily adjusted. These 
events were soon followed by the treaty of Amiens (am'- 
e-enz), by which peace was concluded between France and 
England (1802). 

45. For some time after the legislative union of Ireland 
and England, considerable discontent existed in the former 
country; and in 1803 an insurrection was attempted in 
Dublin, but was immediately suppressed. It was for his 
connection with this affair that the talented but ill-fated 
Robert Emmet suffered death. Pitt had before this desired 

* In the thickest of the fight some of the largest of the English vessels got aground on the 
shoals, and the Admiral gave the signal to withdraw; bat Nelson, pretending that he did not 
see it Continued The fight. "I have been in more than a hundred engagements," lie utterward 
said, " but that of Copenhagen was the most terrific of them all." 



44. What league was formed? Why? Expedition to the Baltic? What led 
to an adjustment of difficulties! Treaty of Amiens? 

45. What caused an insurrection in Ireland? Resignation of Pitt? 



A. D. 1805.] THE HOUSE OF BKUNSWICK. 241 

that the Catholic disabilities should be abolished, in order 
to make the Union more complete and satisfactory; and as 
the king refused to give his assent, he resigned, and was. 
succeeded by Henry Addington, who had long been speaker 
of the House of Commons (1802). 

46. The peace of Amiens proved only a brief truce; for 
the very next year after its conclusion, the First Consul 
assumed a threatening attitude toward England, and pub- 
licly insulted her ambassador. War was accordingly re- 
sumed, and immense preparations were made in France to 
invade England; but they were entirely frustrated by the 
British cruisers which swept the Channel, and bombarded 
some of the French ports. Pitt, yielding to the call of the 
public, now resumed the direction of affairs, and the war 
was carried on with great activity. Nelson gained his most 
brilliant victory, entirely defeating the combined French 
and Spanish fleets off Cape Trafalgar'; but at a heavy cost 
to his country, for he fell mortally wounded in the action 
(1805). He was buried with more than kingly honors 
in St. Paul's Cathedral, and the whole nation mourned 
his loss. 

47. Napoleon, in 1804, became Emperor of France, and 
the next year caused himself to be crowned King of Italy, 
with the famous " iron crown" of the Lombards. These 
assumptions of power led to a coalition against him, con- 
sisting of England, Austria, Eussia, Sweden, and Prussia ; 
but, with his characteristic daring and promptitude, he 
marched against the Austrian s, and succeeded in captur- 
ing a large army at Ulm (1805) ; and shortly afterward 
routed the combined army of Austria and Russia at Aus- 
terlitz with overwhelming loss. This was soon followed by 
the sanguinary battle of Jena, in which he gained so deci- 
sive a victory over the Prussians, that he immediately 

46. What caused the renewal of the war with France? What events followed ? 
Nelson's last victory and death ? 

47. What coalition was formed against Napoleon ? Why ? What victories did 
he gain ? The result ? 

11 



242 THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. [A. D. 1S08. 

entered Berlin in triumph, and dictated terms to the con- 
quered monarch (1806). 

48. The year 1806 is memorable for the death .of the two \ 
great statesmen Pitt and Fox. The former was only forty- 
six years of age, having been brought to a premature grave 
by the excessive toils and anxieties of his great office. At 
Berlin, Napoleon issued the famous decree declaring the \ 
British Isles in a state of blockade, and forbidding all com- 
mercial intercourse on the part of any nation with Great !j 
Britain or her colonies. After the severe battles of Eylau 
(i'low) and Fried'and, he was enabled to dictate terms to 
the Russian Emperor at Tilsit, and was thus left free to : 
prosecute more effectually hostilities against the British* 
The latter fearing that he would take possession of the 
navy of Denmark, which was considerable, sent a powerful 
force under Sir Arthur Wellesley* and Admiral Gambier 
to Copenhagen to demand that it should be given up; and, 
this being refused, the city was bombarded and captured ; 
and the whole Danish fleet, with an immense quantity of 
naval stores, was carried to England. 

49. Napoleon's commercial restrictions, as declared in \ 
the Berlin decree, were not obeyed by Portugal, into which |i 
country British merchandise was freely admitted, and \ 
thence transported into Spain. A French army was there- \ 
fore ordered to invade the country; and, Lisbon having 
been captured, the prince-regent took refuge in the British 
fleet then in- the Tagus river, and, sailing to Brazil, fixed 
the seat of his government in that country (1807)." Portu- 
gal was then declared by Napoleon a province, of the French 
empire. Not content with this usurpation, he next seized 
the throne of Spain, and arbitrarily placed upon it his 
brother, Joseph Bonaparte (1808). 



*Sir Arthur Wellesley, afterward the Duke of Wellington, had previous to this acquired very 
great distinction by his skill and bravery in India. 

4 8. Why is the year 1806 memorable ? What is said of Pitt ? What decree did 
Napoleon issue? Treaty of Tilsit ? Taking of Copenhagen and the Danish Meet? 

49. Why was Portugal invaded by the French ? The result? What course 
did Napoleon pursue toward Spain ? 



A. D. 1809.] THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 243 

50. These events led to the "Peninsular War," the 
British governmpiit being determined to prevent the con- 
summation of Napoleon's ambitious schemes, which, by 
disturbing the "balance of power" in Europe, threatened 
the safety and independence of every one of its nations. 
Accordingly, Sir Arthur Wellesley was sent to Portugal 
with an army to assist the people, who had risen in 
insurrection against the French invaders. AtVimeira 
(ve-ma'e-rah) he gained a decided victory ; but it was not 
improved in consequence of a change of commanders, the 
English, by the convention of Cintra, agreeing to retire 
from the country. Sir John Moore, who was ordered to 
co-operate with the Spaniards against the French, was 
driven into retreat by Napoleon, receiving no support 
from the inhabitants. He afterward fell in the battle of 
Corun'na, where the French, under Soult, were repulsed; 
and the English troops, after having suffered inconceivable 
hardships, made their escape from the country with the 
assistance of the fleet (1809).* 

51. Notwithstanding these reverses, the British govern- 
ment, now under the administration of the celebrated 
George Canning, determined to prosecute the war in the 
Peninsula with vigor. The chief command was given to 
Sir Arthur Wellesley, who, after entering Portugal and 
driving the French into Spain, passed into the latter coun- 
try and formed a junction with the general of the Spanish 
army, then about 30,000 strong, but in bad condition. An 
attack of the French at Talave'ra brought on a terrific 
battle, in which the British fought with desperate valor, 

* It was with reference to this event that Wolfe's well-known poem was written, commencing 
with the verse, 

Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note, 
As his corse to the rampart we hurried ; 
Not a soldier discharged his farewell shot 
O'er the grave where our hero was buried. 



50. What war did this lead to? Who was sent to Portugal? Battle of Vime- 
ira ? Sir John .Moore ? 

51. Policy of the British government? Who received the chief command? 
What led to the battle of Talavera? Its result? What title was given to the 
British general ? Why did he retreat? 



244 THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. [A. ». 1809. 

and compelled the French to retreat. Wellesley received 
the title of Viscount Wellington as a reward for this splen- 
did victory. He was, however, compelled to retire into 
Portugal, before the immense armies which Napoleon 
poured into Spain, and by which, before the end of the 
year, he made himself master of the whole country (1809). 

52. Meanwhile, hostilities were resumed on the part of 
Austria, with armies which amounted, in the aggregate, ; 
to about 500,000 men. Napoleon, however, notwithstand- 
ing his inferior forces, and the numerous operations which 
he was obliged simultaneously to carry on, was almost : 
everywhere victorious. At Eck'muhl, he defeated the 
Archduke Charles, but was compelled to fall back from his 
position at Aspern. A week afterward he gained a decisive | 
victory at Wagram (wah'gram) ; after which the Austrian 
emperor was obliged to submit to such terms of peace as 
the victor chose to dictate (1809). 

53. Austria being thus helpless at his feet, Napoleon | 
sent additional forces into Spain and Portugal, determined 
to drive the British out of the latter country, and to crush 
the Spaniards, who still kept up a vigorous opposition to \ 
the invaders ; but chiefly by irregular troops, called Guer- I 
rillas. In the Battle of Busa'co, Wellington repulsed the j 
French General Masse'na with heavy loss; then, retreating 
to the heights of Tor'res Ve'dras, some distance north of 
Lisbon, he took up a position which Massena did not dare 
to attack, but retired into winter quarters (1810). In ! 
this year, George III. having become insane, the Prince of 
Wales was made Regent. 

54. Daring the next year, warlike operations went on in 
Spain and Portugal under Wellington, opposed by Massena ; 
but the latter was so unsuccessful, that Napoleon super - 



52. War with Austria? What victories did Napoleon gain ? Their result ? 

53* Napoleon's next object? What battle wis fought by Wellington? His 
position at Torres Vedras '{ Insanity of George III. ? 

54. Ill success of Massena? Battle of Salamanca? What other war was 
commenced in 1612 ? Its cause ? Results of the first operations ? 



A. ». 1814.] THE HOUSE OF BETJXSWICK. 245 

seded him, and appointed General Marmont in his place. 
In 1812, Wellington defeated that officer with immense loss 
at Salamanca, and marching on Madrid captured the city, 
together with a vast quantity of military stores. In this 
year commenced the war with the United States, brought 
on by the unjust claims of Great Britain to the right of 
searching American vessels for deserters and other British 
seamen, in order that she might seize and impress them 
into her service. The war commenced with great disasters 
to the Americans on land; but on the ocean the brilliant 
victories achieved by Captain Hull, Commodore Decatur, 
and others, retrieved the honor of their country. 

55. In 1813, Wellington, now Commander-in-chief of 
the Spanish as well as the British forces, attacked the 
French at Vittoria, and drove them from the town, captur- 
ing the whole of their artillery and ammunition, together 
with other property valued at a million sterling (June 21). 
They continued their retreat, followed by the allies, as far 
as the passes of the Pyrenees, where Marshal Soult, sent 
by Napoleon to defend the French frontier, was repulsed in 
a series of engagements called the "Battles of the Pyren- 
ees." Wellington crossed into France, forcing every posi- 
tion assumed by Soult ; and the next year reached Toulouse, 
where he again attacked the French, and compelled them to 
retreat (April, 1814). 

56. Meanwhile, Napoleon, defeated in the Eussian expedi- 
tion (1812), and subsequently at the great battle of Leipsic 
(1813), had been driven into disastrous retreat before the 
vast army of the allied powers ; and, finally, finding himself 
unable to make further resistance, had consented to abdi- 
cate the French throne, and retire to the little island of 
Elba (1814). The forces of the allies entered Paris, and 
the crown of France was conferred upon Louis XVIII. 

55. Battlo of Vittoria? Its results ? Eetreat of the French ? " Battles of the 
Pyrenees ?" Battle of Toulouse ? 

56. What led to Napoleon's abdication? On whom was the French crown 
conferred ? The American war ? Its end ? Battle of New Orleans ? 



246 THE HOUSE OE BRUNSWICK. [A. D. 1815. 



The American war was continued during 1813 and 1811: 
but the British gained no permanent advantage, and in the 
latter year peace was made by the treaty of G-hent (Dec. 21). 
Before, however, this was known in America, a fine armv 
under General Pakenham (pak'n-am) made an attack 
upon New Orleans, but was repulsed by a force under 
General Jackson., the British general and two thonsand of 
his soldiers being slain (Jan. 8. 1815). 

57. As a reward for his brilliant conduct in the Peninsu- 
lar war. Wellington was made a duke, and publicly thanked 
by both Houses of Parliament, also receiving a grant of 
£400,000. Toward the close of 1811. a Congress" of rep- 
resentatives of the European powers met at Yienua, to 
arrange and settle the affairs of Europe, which had become 
greatly confused by the many revolutions caused by these 
long wars. While in session they were suddenly surprised by 
the departure of Xapoleon from Elba. Landing at Cannes 
(Jean), on the southern shore of France, he was enthusiast- 
ically welcomed by the troops; and entering Paris was 
greeted with the joyful acclamations of all classes (March 
J . 1815). Louis XVIII. having lied, Xapoleon found 
himself once more on the throne, and in less than two 
months was enabled to organize an army of 200.000 men. 

58. This daring disregard of the treaty of the previous 
year alarmed all Europe, and a combination of the princi- 
pal powers was immediately formed once more to dethrone 
the French Emperor. Great Britain entered into it with 
spirit and vigor, the Parliament voting nearly one hundred 
millions sterling to carry on the war. The Duke of Wel- 
lington, at the head of an immense army, proceeded to Bel- 
gium, whither also the Prussians, under Blucher {bloo'b r), 
were marching to oppose Xapoleon, who had crossed the 
frontier with 100.000 infantrv and 25.000 cavalry. At the 



5 7. ITow was Wellington rewarded ? The Congress of Vienna ! What sudden 
revolution occurred'? 

58. What followed this event? What preparations were maJe for the war? 
The respective armies ? 



A.©. 1815.] THE HOUSE OF BETJXSWICK. 247 



same time Austria and Eussia were preparing to invade 
France with overwhelming armies. 

59. The plan of Wellington was to form a junction with 
Blucher and march on Paris; but Napoleon, in order to 
prevent this, at once attacked the Prussians at Ligny 
(hen' ye),* drove them from their position, and sent 
Grouchy (groo'she) in pursuit with 35,000 men, to cut off 
their union with the British, who lay then at Brussels. 
Wellington at once advanced and took up his position at 
Waterloo, where he was attacked with the most desperate 
impetuosity by the French forces (June 18). Charge after 
charge was made, and at last even by the Old Guard, — the 
unconquered veterans of Austerlitz and Jena, but without 
effect. Meanwhile Blucher had out-marched Grouchy, 
and just as Napoleon's last great charge was being made, 
appeared on the field. The French columns, panio- 
stricken, broke and fled ; and the great battle of Waterloo 
was ended. 

60. A second abdication of Napoleon followed; and find- 
ing no means of escape from France, he surrendered him- 
self to the commander of a British vessel of war at Roche- 
fort, and was carried to England. By agreement of the 
allied sovereigns, he was sent to the little island of St. 
Helena, where, after an imprisonment of six years, he died. 
This final overthrow of Napoleon ended the great struggle 
which for nearly twent} r -five years had been made by Great 
Britain, to check the conquests of the French, and preserve 
the "balance of power" in Europe. To accomplish this 
end immense sacrifices of men and money had been made, 
the national debt having been increased to nearly nine 
hundred millions of pounds. 

* A village of Belgium, situated about twenty-five miles southeast from Brussels. 



59. What was Wellington's plan? Napoleon's attack? Its result ? The battle 
of Waterloo and its consequences ? 

60. What course did Napoleon then take ? His fate? What is said of the war 
and its effects on England ? 



248 THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. [A. D. 1820. 

61. The sudden change to peace, after this long war, 
produced great distress among the people. Trade lan- 
guished, a multitude of persons were thrown out of em- 
ployment, and the vast number of soldiers and sailors who 
had been discharged greatly augmented the difficulty. To 
add to the people's distress bread became very dear, in con- 
sequence of the scarcity of wheat caused by unfavorable 
seasons and the corn laws, which prevented its importa- 
tion. Eiots ensued, particularly in the manufacturing 
districts, where by the improvement of labor-saving ma- 
chinery very many persons were deprived of their ordinary 
employments; and these wreaked their vengeance by the 
destruction of the newly-invented machines for spinning 
and weaving. 

62. To these causes of tumult was added the agitation of 
the question of parliamentary reform, and large meetings 
of the people were held to demand annual parliaments and 
universal suffrage. One of these, at Manchester, called by 
Henry Hunt, a celebrated popular orator, was dispersed 
by the authorities, several persons being killed (1819). 
Prominent among those who advocated the introduction of 
liberal reforms in the government was the celebrated Wil- 
liam Cobbett,* who, in a periodical entitled the " Political 
Register," boldly and ably advocated the cause of the laboring 
classes. For this he was repeatedly prosecuted by the gov- 
ernment on a charge of libel, and was fined and imprisoned. 

63. George III. died in 1820, after a reign of sixty years, 
— the longest in English history; during the latter part of 

* William Cohlrtt. one of the most extraordinary men of bis age. was born in very bumble life, in 
1762. In bis earlier years be served as a soldier in Nova Scotia; but afterward settled in Philadel- 
phia, where he wrote the celebrated papers which appeared under the name of " Peter Porcu- 
pine." The first number of the " Political Register" appeared in England in ISO-', he having re- 
moved to that country. Toward the close of Ins life be was a member of Parliament. He died 
in 1835. Few writers have excelled him in vigor ot thought and homely clearness of style, and 
very few have rendered a more lasting service to the cause of liberal government and freedom 
ot discussion. 

61. What resulted from the change to peace? What caused distress among 
the people; ? Riots '. 

G'<£. Parliamentary reform ? Meeting at Manchester ? William Cobbett ? 

63. Death of George III.? Uis private and kingly character!' His children? 
Death of C^iieen Charlotte ? 



A. B. 1820.] THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 249 

it he had lived in entire seclusion. His private character, 
in every relation of life, was worthy of esteem; and his 
kindliness of disposition and homely familiarity endeared 
him to the great body of the English people, by whom he 
w r as regarded with sincere aifection, being in his latter 
years generally spoken of as " the good old king." As a 
monarch, his moderate abilities, narrow views, and obsti- 
nate adherence to obsolete principles and time-honored 
abuses, have subjected his name to considerable obloquy, 
if not contempt. He had twelve children, of whom the 
oldest was George, the prince-regent, who now succeeded 
him. His faithful and excellent queen, Charlotte, had 
died a short time previously. 

State of Society under the first three Bruns- 
wick Kings. 

64. During this period, extending from 1714 to 1820, 
and therefore nearly coincident with the eighteenth cen- 
tury, the British government assumed a more settled char- 
acter ; and, as the people advanced in intelligence, became 
more and more dependent upon their washes. Hence the 
king ruled through his ministers, who were able to con- 
tinue in office only as long as they succeeded in retaining 
the support of Parliament. The power exercised by the 
sovereign has ever since been very limited, solely depend- 
ing upon his intelligence, force of character, and moral 
worth ; and all the agencies of government have become 
more and more under the control of public opinion,— the 
great ruling power of every truly civilized nation. The 
popular agitations, riots, etc., to secure parliamentary re- 
form, and a more general and equitable representation in 
the House of Commons, indicate the efforts which this 
power was exerting toward the close of this period to assert 
its supremacy. 

64. Change in the government ? Power of the sovereign ? Influence of public 
opinion '? 

11* 



250 THE HOUSE OF BRUXSWICK. 

65. This ardent desire for freedom, which so strikingly 
characterized the public mind in England, was, in the first 
plflLOUj the result of the American war for independence, 
with its successful issue. The great questions which sprung 
up during this struggle, and which gave occasion to the 
magnificent displays of parliamentary eloquence of Burke, 
Fox, Sheridan, and others, shattered to pieces the old 
theories of arbitrary government, and imbued the popular 
mind with democratic notions and principles. The French 
reyolution — the mightiest political and social tornado the 
world has ever seen — shook every institution that had 
hitherto been held sacred, and threatened, at one time, to 
resolve human society into its original elements. Hence 
arose, in England, a new party called " Eadical Reformers," 
or "Radicals," whose principles were ably advocated by 
Paine,* Cobbett, and others; and hence also the spread 
of infidelity among the middle classes, fostered by such 
writings as Paine's " Age of Reason.'' 

66. During the first part of this period, religion was 
at a very low ebb among all classes. The clergy, often 
ordained without any regard to their intellectual and 
spiritual attainments, but simply as a provision for 
the younger sons of aristocratic families, neglected the 
duties of their sacred calling to indulge in fox-hunting, 
gaming, and the pleasures of the. table. The preaching of 

* Thomas Paine, famous for his connection with the American and French revolutn ns and for 
his advocacy of infidel opinions, was born in 1737. and was by trade a stay-maker. In 1771 he 
emigrated to America, and advocated the cause of the colonies in a series of papers entitled 
" Onmmon Sense." the publication of which opined him the friendship of Washington, Franklin, 
and other dist nmiished American patriots. This was soon followed by the "American Crisis," 
in eighteen numbers, published at different times (1776- S3 1 , — a work that exercised a powerful 
effect upon the public mind, in keeping up the spirit of patriotism and freedom. Subsequently 
he published in England his most tamous work, the " Kights of Man.'' for which he was prose- 
cuted by the government, and found guilty of "a false, scandalous, and malicious libel." Es- 
caping to France, he became a member of the revolutionary convention, and during the ." rei'.n 
of terror" under Robesp e.re was thrown into prison. His relijdous writinjrs. which have given 
him an infamous noior.ety, were published afterward. He died in the L'uited States in IHW, the 
victim of his own pr nciples; for he became licentious, intemperate, and irascible, — a tenor to 
his household, and a dreadful example to the world of what a wreck a man of truly i_ r reat parts 
may become when he divests himself of religious restraint and the hope of immortality. 



65. Effects of the American revolution? Of the French revolution* The 
" Radical? ':" By whom were their principles advocated ': 

66. State of religion ': The clenry ? Effect of the preaching of Georsre White- 
field and John Wesley ? What is said of the Methodists ! Watts. Doddridge, etc. ? 
Sunday-schools '' 



THE HOCJSE OF BRUNSWICK. 251 

George Whitefield* and John Wesley f did much to infuse 
into the public mind a higher regard for spiritual matters. 
The religious society which they founded received, at first 
as a nickname, the appellation of " Methodists/' from the 
strictness of their religious principles and observances. 
It rapidly gathered within its ranks vast multitudes, par- 
ticularly of the middle and lower orders of the people. The 
writings of Watts, Doddridge, and others also contributed 
to raise the religious tone of society. Sunday-schools were 
founded about the close of 1781 by Kobert Raikes. 

67. It was, however, some time before there was infused 
into the public mind a spirit of religious toleration. In 
1778, was passed the " Catholic Eelief Bill," freeing Catho- 
lics from the severe disabilities to which they had long- 
been subjected. This measure had the effect to excite the 
animosities of the ignorant and bigoted of the population ; 
and a movement was undertaken in opposition to it, led by 
Lord George Gordon, a crazy nobleman, who made many 
silly and violent speeches in the House of Commons on the 
subject. By means of the inflammatory addresses made 
by him and others, and the outcry which was raised of 
" No Popery," dreadful riots were excited, in which many 
Catholic churches and other buildings were destroyed. 
Lord Mansfield's fine mansion, containing his valuable law 
library, fell a sacrifice to the senseless fury of the mob, 
which for several days had entire possession of London. 
Nearly five hundred persons were killed or wounded. 

* George Wlntrfield was particularly celebrated for the fervid eloquence with which he preached 
to the people. He was ordained a minister of the Church of England, but subsequently joined 
Wesley and the Method s s. He spent part of his life in America, where he d.ei while on a vis.t 
to the churches in Xew England (1770). 

t Jultn Wesley, the celebrated founder of Methodism, was an ordained minister of the Church 
of England, but soon became disgusted with the coldness and want of spiritu lity which pre- 
vailed among both clergy and laity. Like Whiiefield, he was a powerful popular preacher, and 
like him also, he preached to the people of both I evn'spheres, resid.ng some years in the colo- 
ji.es. For more than half a ctntury he exercised the most complete authority over his numerous 
fol overs both in England and America. He died in i?yi at the age of eighty-eight It is esti- 
mated that at his death there were 71,000 Methodists in England, and 48,0U(i.in America. His 
influence was exerted chiefly among the lower orders, while the efforts of Whitefield, aided by 
the Countess of Huntingdon, awakened a religious interest among ihe higher classes of society. 



67. Religious toleration? The Catholic Eelief. Bill? Effect of its passage? 
The Gordon riots ? 



2b'2 THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 

68. In commerce and navigation vast and rapid strides 
were taken. The trade with the American colonies had 
become very considerable previous to their independence; 
but with the States it was much more extensive, the prin- 
cipal imports from them being tobacco, rice, and cotton. 
The importation of the last-mentioned article from Amer- 
ica commenced in 1770, the first shipment being about 
2,000 pounds. At the close of the period, the annual im- 
port amounted to 150,000,000 pounds. The same product 
was also imported from Brazil and the East Indies. The 
English West Indies exported large quantities of sugar, 
together with mahogany and logwood. The gradual intro- 
duction of steam navigation was a marked feature of the 
period. Experiments with the view to this application of 
the steam-engine had been early made ; but it was not 
until nearly the end of the period that serviceable steam- 
vessels were constructed. In 1820 a line of steam-packets 
was established to ply between Holyhead and Dublin.* 

69. The improvements in the methods aud implements 
of agriculture were also very great, with, of course, a large 
increase in the quantity and variety of the vegetable pro- 
ducts. The cultivation of the potato, introduced during 
the seventeenth century, did not become general until 
about the middle of the eighteenth. Philanthropists en- 
couraged it with the view to prevent famine among the 
lower classes by affording a substitute for grain during 
seasons of bad harvests. Greenhouses for the cultivation 
of tropical plants also began to be constructed, and soon 
came into general use. 

* Robert Fulton, an American, in 1807, made the first successful vovage by steam from Xew 
York to Albany, in a steamboat called the CfenmmL rive years later a steal 
en the Clyde by llenry Bell, a former associate of Fulton; and thus was commenced steam nav- 
igation in Great Britain. 



6S. Commerce and navigation ? With the American colonies and tbe United 
States ? Importation of cotton ? Steam navigation I What line of packets was 
lished in lv20 ! 

(j«>. \\ bat improvement? in agriculture took place ? Cultivation of tbe potato ? 
Wuy encouraged? Greenhonei 



THE HOUSE OF BRUXSWICK. 253 

70. In the industrial arts, the improvements introduced 
during this period were very numerous and valuable. Pre- 
vious to 1718, England was entirely dependent upon for- 
eigners for silk thread; but in that year a large mill was 
erected at Derby for its manufacture, by Mr. Lombe, who 
had gone to Italy in the disguise of a common workman, 
and taken drawings of the silk-throwing machinery in use 
in that country. Immense quantities of organzine* thread 
were thereafter produced. The cotton manufacture now 
took precedence of that of wool, which previously had been 
.the chief material of English fabrics. This change was 
largely due to the carding-machine and the spinning-jenny 
invented by James Hargreaves,f but principally to the 
invention of the spinning-frame by Sir Eichard Arkwright. \ 
In 1771, Arkwright erected a large factory which was 
worked by water power. 

71. The iron manufacture became very extensive during 
this period, especially at Birmingham ; and large quantities 
of cutlery were manufactured at Sheffield. The number of 
workmen employed in the former city alone, in 1770, was 
estimated at fifty thousand. To all these branches of 
manufacturing industry a wonderful impulse had been 
given by the application of steam. James Watt|| made his 
celebrated invention of the condensing steam-engine in 

*That is, thread made like rope by twisting several strands into one thread. 

+ . lames Hargreaves was an illiterate artisan, supporting himself and family by spinning. Tn 
1760 he invented the carding-machine as a substitute for carding by hand. The spinning-jenny, 
by which he was enabled to spin a large number of threads at the same time, was invented by 
accident in 17(34. He died in 1768. 

% Birhard Arlnciight, born in 1732. was originally a barber. In 1767 he devoted himself to 
making improvements in cotton-spinning; and the next year produced the spinning-frame, 
which consisted chiefly of two pairs of rollers, the first pair moving slowly in contact, and pass- 
ing the cotton to the other pair, which revolved with such increased volocity as to draw out the 
thread to the required degree of fineness. He was at first very poor, and incurred the displeasure 
of the artisans by his labor-saving machines. He however rapidly rose to opulence and fame, 
and received in 1786 the honor of knighthood from George III. At his death, in 1792, his prop- 
erty amounted to more than half a million sterling. 

J mtits Watt wa^ born in Scotland in 1736. He was first a mathematical instrument maker, 
and subsequently a surveyor. He began his experiments on the steam-engine about 1763. and 
soon discovered the cause of the inefficiency of that in general use at the time. This was worked 
by atmospheric pressure, steam being used only to produce a vacuum. In 1765 he hit upon the 
idea of a separate condenser, and of using steam as the motive power: and in 1769 his model 
was completed. Other improvements followed. He made numerous inventions unconnected 
with the steam-engine. He died in 1819. 



70. Improvement? in the industrial arts ? Manufacture of silk thread ? Cotton 
manufacture '? What inventions facilitated it ': 

71. Iron manufacture'? What gave impulse to these manufactures? Watt's 
invention"? Mining'? Inventions in pottery ': 



254 THE HOUSE OF BRUXSWICK. 

1769, and introduced during the next sixteen years, im- 
provements in it of great practical value. The working of 
the coal mines was greatly facilitated by the application of 
Watt's invention. The inventions of Wedgewood* also 
made so many improvements in pottery, that he may be 
considered the founder of this branch of manufacture in 
Great Britain. His first success was the production of a 
beautiful cream-colored porcelain, called, in honor of *Queeu 
Charlotte, who greatly admired it, "Queen's Ware" (1763). 

72. Through the sagacity, energy, and liberality of the 
Duke of. Bridgewater, and his celebrated engineer, James 
Brindley, canal navigation assumed considerable importance 
in England. An act of parliament for the construction of 
his first canal was obtained in 1758. The roads, too, grad- 
ually improved ; and during the greater part of the period 
travellers were conveyed by means of rapid stage-coaches 
to the various parts of the kingdom. The construction of 
the first locomotive, or steam-carriage, in 1804, commenced 
a wonderful revolution in this respect; railways had been 
used to a limited extent some time previously. Locomotive 
power was employed on a railway by George Stephenson f in 
1814; bat it was not until 1821 that passengers were trans- 
ported in this way. 

73. The fi?ie arts were also cultivated with great success. 
Among painters the most prominent were Hogarth J and 
Sir Joshua Reynolds. | The latter was the first president of 

* Josinh Wedgeicood, born in 1730, was early engaged in the business of pottery. His many 
improvements in the manufacture of all kinds of porcelain realized him a vast fortune. He was 
a man of benevolence and culture; and besides his own special kind of knowledge, studied nat- 
ural philosophy with much ;-uccess. He died in 1795. 

t Gmr'ie Stephenstan, at first a workman in a colliery, rose to great distinction by his singular 
genius as a machinist and engineer Through his efforts the locomotive became a success, the 
first railroad* being constructed under his supervision. He died in 1848, at the aire of 67 

$ William Hogarth Was born in London 1697. His first employment as an art st was in en- 
graving. His moral pantintrs attracted considerable attention from their humor as well as 
artistic excellence. The mo. t ce ebra'ed of h s pa.ntings is, perhaps, the "Enraged Musician,*'' 
which was finished in 1741. He died in 1764. 

Sir Joxh a Rry o'il#, general y p;ac d it the head of the English school of painting, was born 
in Bng'.and .n 172J. His per. i aits were of unsurpassed-meiit, eclipsing evi r> thing th.t had been 
exec ited sime the time of Van Dyck. He was the companion and iriend of .Johnson, liurke, 
G^l.isu.iuh, (jarricfc, the f mous actor, and other literary men of the time. He d ed in 1781. 



72. Canal navigation, by whom encouraged ? Travelling? The introduction 
of 1 1 ie locomotive r Railways ! 

73. Cultivation of the fine arts ? Eminent painters? Of what was Reynolds 
the founder? Handel's achievements in music? The ••Beggars' Opera?*" Other 
musical compos-ers ? 



THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 255 

the Royal Academy of Arts, founded in 1768. George. III. 
was a generous patron of the fine arts, and conferred on 
Reynolds the honor of knighthood. In music, Handel,* 
by birth a German, achieved an enduring renown. The 
first oratorio was produced by him in 1733; but it was not 
until 1749 that his sublimest composition, " The Messiah," 
appeared. Very many operas were also composed and 
brought out by him. One of the most successful works 
of this kind was the " Beggars' Opera," composed by the 
poet Gay,f to whom it was suggested by Swift in 1726. 
Among other musical composers of this period were 
the celebrated Dr. Arne,]; and Dr. Charles Burney,§ the 
latter distinguished particularly as the author of the 
"General History of Music." 

74. The progress in scientific discovery was also quite 
remarkable. Sir Humphrey Davy,|| the great chemist, in- 
vented the safety-lamp (1816), one of the most valuable pres- 
ents ever made by science to humanity. Sir William Her- 
schel^T discovered in 1781 a new planet, to which he gave the 
name Georgium Sidus, in honor of George III., now gen- 
erally called Uranus. He also made many other valuable 
discoveries in astronomy. His monster telescope, forty feet 



* Georye Frederic!; Handel was born in Saxony in 16S1. At the age of fourteen, he produced 
his first opera at Hamburgh. He went to England in 1710, and soon became exceedingly pop- 
ular. A iilieral pension was settled on him by George I., and his oratorios were frequently at- 
tended by the king and the royal family. He died in 1759, and was buried in Westminster Abbey, 
where a handsome monument was erected to his memory. 

yjuhii Gat/, the friend of Swift and Pope, and the author of several interesting works, among 
which the ' Fables" are particularly admired. He died in 1732. 

% Thomas AuyiUitiiie Ante, was one of the best of English composers. He was born at London 
in 1710, and died in 1778. The celebrated national air, " Rule Britannia,-' was composed by 
him 

§ Charles Barney, noted for his literary and musical talents, was the father of the celebrated 
Frames Burney, who wrote " Evelina," and some other popular works of fiction. Dr. Burncy 
died in 1815, at the age of eighty-nine. 

Sir Humphrey Davy-WHS born in Cornwall in 1778. He devoted himself to the study of 
chemistry during the greater part of his life. His lectures in the Royal Institute of London at- 
tracted crowded and brilliant audiences. He was also very fond of fishing, and wrote " Sal- 
monia. or Days of Fly-fishiug." His death occurred in 1829. 

" Sir William Ifirschel. the world-renowned astronomer, was born at Hanover, in 1738, and 
was by profession a musician. He went to England in 1757, and at first devoted himself to 
music His astronomical discoveries were very numerous and valuable. He died in 1822. His 
Bister, Caroline llerscltel, also attained great distinction as an astronomer, as likewise has his 
6on, Sir Joliu Herschel 



74. Scientific discovery ? Sir Humphrey Davy ? Sir William Herschel ? Med- 
ical science » 



256 THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. [A. ». 1830. 

in length, completed in 1787, was the wonder of his age. 
Medical science was greatly enriched by the labors and 
publications of the celebrated John Hunter, the greatest 
physiologist and surgeon of his time. In 1785, he formed a 
museum, which, at his death, contained more than 10,000 
specimens and preparations illustrative of human and com- 
parative anatomy and its kindred branches. Edward Jen- 
ner, who had studied under him, gave to the world the 
discovery of vaccination in 1796. Geology commenced to 
be studied, a geological map of England being published 
in 1815. 

75. The history of English literature during this long 
period is enriched with distinguished names in all its de- 
partments. During the first half of the century, the most 
conspicuous name is that of Samuel Johnson,* the author 
of the "English Dictionary," but principally famous for his 
talents as a poet, critic, and essayist. Gibbon and Hume 
stand pre-eminent as historians; Goldsmith, Young, Gray, 
Burns, and Cowper, as poets. The closing portion of 
George III.'s reign is illumined by the names of Byron, 
Shelley, Wordsworth, Cole'ridge, Scott, and a host of others, 
whose works have been the especial glory of the present 
century, being unsurpassed by any of the more recent 
works of genius that have. appeared. 

1820 76. George IV. succeeded his father at the age 
to of fifty-eight. He was a man of considerable tal- 
1830 en ts and of polished maimers, but perfectly heartless 
and unprincipled. During the previous part of his life he 
had been noted for his profligacy and extravagance. As 
Prince Eegent he had virtually been king for ten years 
before his accession, in consequence of the insanity of 
George III.; and, consequently, his accession occasioned 



L 

the 



* Samuel Johnson was horn at Litchfield in 1709, but lived principally in London. "The 
lives of the Poets." and "Rasselas, an Eastern Tale," are, besides the " English Dictionary," 
ie most noted of his writings. 



75. English literature? Samuel Johnson? Other noted writers? The most 
prominent during the closing portion of this period ? 

76. What is said of George IV. ? The Cato-street conspiracy ? 



A. ». 1821.] THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 257 

no change in the administration of the government. Con- 
siderable excitement was caused by the " Cato-street Con- 
spiracy," — the design of which was to assassinate the cab- 
inet ministers; against whom, as representing the aristoc- 
racy, the extreme radicals felt intense hatred. The plot 
was discovered; and its leader, one Thistle wood, with four 
of his associates, was executed. 

77. Nothing excited more popular indignation and dis- 
gust against the king than his treatment of his unfortunate 
wife, Caroline of Brunswick, whom he had married in 
1795. They separated soon after the marriage; and the 
queen for some years afterward resided on the continent. 
Rumors having been circulated against her character, she 
determined to return to England and confront her accus- 
ers, and arrived the very day a proceeding was commenced 
in the House of Lords to deprive her of her rights and 
privileges as queen, and to dissolve her marriage with the 
king. She was ably defended by Henry Brougham, after- 
ward Lord Brougham (broo'am) ; and, so strongly was pub- 
lic opinion in her favor, that the ministers abandoned the 
bill before it had passed the House of Lords. A public 
illumination showed the joy of the people at this result; 
and at the next session the Commons voted the queen an 
annuity of £50,000. In the following year she was repelled 
with insult from the door of Westminster Abbey, whither 
she had gone to see the coronation of the king; and in 
nineteen days afterward expired (1821). 

78. The same year the king visited Ireland, where he was 
welcomed as the first British king who had paid a visit of 
peace to that afflicted isle. Shortly after his return, he 
made an excursion to Hanover, the country of his fore- 
fathers; and the next year spent a short time in Scotland. 
During his visit to the latter country, one of his chief min- 

77. Queen Caroline? What proceedings were instituted against her? By 
whom was she defended ? Result of the trial ? Her death ? 

78. Visit of the king to Ireland? To Hanover? To Scotland? What lod to 
the appointment of George Canning as Foreign Secretary? 



258 THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. [A D. 1827. 

isters, the Marquis of Londonderry (more famous as Lord 
Castlereagh), committed suicide. He was succeeded as 
foreign secretary by George Canning, one of the most dis- 
tinguished parliamentary orators and statesmen of the 
time (1822). 

70. Two years later the government declared war against 
Burmah, being provoked by the outrages committed by 
that power on the British colonies beyond the Ganges 
(1824). During the first campaign, Eangoon and the forts 
at the mouth of the Irrawaddy river were captured by Sir 
Archibald Campbell; and, in the next, the province of 
Ar'acan was seized by a force under General Morrison. 
The war was closed by a treaty, by which Aracan and the 
coasts of Tenas'serim were given up to the British (1826). 
Previous to this, much attention was given to Spain, where 
a struggle between the people and the king aroused the 
sympathies of the people in favor of the former. The gov- 
ernment, however, preserved a strict neutrality; but the 
Spanish colonies in South America having revolted, their 
independence was acknowledged by Great Britain. 

80. About the same time Greece revolted (1824) ; and 
after having struggled for several years to throw off the 
Turkish yoke, finally secured the aid of England, France, 
and Russia, whose combined fleets defeated and destroyed 
the Turkish and Egyptian fleet in the battle of Navarmo 
(nah-vah-re'no) (1827). By this event the independence of 
Greece was achieved, after which it was erected into a sep- 
arate kingdom, and the crown was conferred upon Prince 
Otho of Bavaria. During this contest, Lord Byron went 
to Greece to render aid to the oppressed inhabitants; but 
he did not live to see the triumph of the cause, dying at 
Missolon'ghi, of a fever brought on by constant toil and 
exposure (1824). 

79. War airainst Burmah? What, place? were taken? What treaty termi- 
nated it ? Affaire in Spain S The Spanish colonies ? 

80. Revolt of Greece? Battle of Navarino ? Result? What followed ? Lord 
Byron? 



A. ». 1S30.] THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 259 

81. The question of Catholic emancipation, so frequently 
agitated, was a subject of excited discussion during most 
of this reign. In 1822, Canning proposed that Catholic 
peers should sit in parliament, and carried a bill to that 
effect through the House of Commons; but it was rejected 
by the Lords. The next year the Catholic Association, 
under the guidance of Daniel O'Connell, began to exercise 
a powerful intiuence. This association included among its 
members not only O'Connell, so celebrated for his elo- 
quence and patriotism, but many other eminent men, 
among them Eichard Sheil, a distinguished orator and 
lawyer. Subsequently, O'Connell, through the influence 
of the association, was elected a member of Parliament 
(1828), and the next year took his seat ; a bill for the 
emancipation of Catholics* having triumphantly passed 
both Houses (1829). The subject of parliamentary reform 
also excited much attention at this time. George IV. died 
a short time afterward (June 26, 1830). • 
1830 82. William IV. — The previous king having left 
to no heir, was succeeded by his brother, the Duke of 
1837 Clarence, under the above title. He was often styled 
the " Sailor king," having served previously in the navy. 
The agitation of the question of parliamentary reform was 
continued; and the Duke of Wellington became very un- 
popular in consequence of his deeided opposition to the 
measure. A change in the ministry soon took place ; and 
a new cabinet being formed under the premiership of Earl 
Grey, a bill was introduced by Lord John Eussell, propos- 
ing very extensive reforms. It was finally passed by the 
Commons, but rejected by the Lords; whereupon fearful 
riots occurred in many parts of the kingdom ; and, at last, 

*Byth : s bill the Oath of Supremacy was changed: and Catholics were no longer to be ex- 
cluded from the right to hold any offices except those of regent, lord chancellor of England and 
of Ireland, and viceroy of Ireland. 

81. Catholic emancipation ? Proposition of Canning? The Catholic Associa- 
tion and its leaders ? Result of the agitation ? Death of George IV.? 

82. Successor of George IV.? What is said of William IV.? Parliamentary 
reform ? Uow and when carried ? 



260 THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. LA. ». 1834. 

the government was obliged to yield to the demands of the 
people, and accept the bill (1832). 

83. Three important changes were effected by this meas- 
ure : — 1. The right of sending members to Parliament was 
withdrawn from small districts, called "rotten boroughs," 
in which the representation had become obsolete ; 2. Several 
cities, which during the previous century had grown into 
wealth and importance, received, for the first time, the 
right of representation in Parliament; 3. The franchise, 
or right to vote, was extended more widely among the 
middle classes; being given, in towns, to the owners or 
tenants of houses paying a rent of £10 or upward. For 
county members all were entitled to vote who owned land 
worth £10 a year in rent, or who paid a yearly rent of at 
least £50. This constituted, without doubt, the greatest 
revolution which the government had experienced since 1689. 

84. The same year (1832) was marked by great disturb- 
ances in Ireland, occasioned by the opposition of the people 
to the Protestant church establishment in that country, and 
to the payment of tithes in support of it, which were often 
wrung from the poor peasants, although on the verge of 
ruin and starvation. Daniel O'Connell also agitated the 
question of repealing the Union of 1801, and organized 
political associations to carry the measure (1833). The 
" Irish Coercion Bill," authorizing the Lord-lieutenant to 
place disturbed districts under martial law was passed; but 
after the expiration of a year was considerably modified. 
This was carried by a ministry of which Lord Melbourne 
was the head (1834). 

85. The year 1834 is particulary memorable for the 
abolition of slavery throughout all the British colonies. 
The sum of £20,000,000 was awarded by Parliament to 

83. What change? were effected by this measure ? What is said of its character? 

8-4. Cause of disturbances in Ireland ? Daniel O'Connell ? The Irish Coercion 
Bill ? 

S5. For what, is the year 1834 memorable? How were the planters compen- 
sated? How many sla'ves were set free? What is said of William Wilberforce ? 
Close of this reign ? For what was it marked ? 



A. D. 1843.] THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 2C1 

the planters as a compensation for the loss of the slaves 
emancipated ; and thus nearly three-fourths of a million of 
human beings were set free. This measure had been 
advocated since 1789 by William Wilberforce, who lived 
just long enough to see the triumph of his life's work, 
dying in 1833, the year in which the bill passed, though it 
was not to take effect till the 1st of August of the following 
year. William IV.'s reign was terminated by his death in 
1837; but, brief as it was, it was replete with beneficent 
measures, which have made it dear to the memory of the 
English people. 

86. Victoria, daughter of the Duke of Kent, and 
niece of William IV., succeeded the latter on the 
throne, "which she has continued to occupy up to the 
present time. The connection between Great Britain and 
Hanover, which had lasted 123 years, was dissolved on 
her accession, since the laws of the latter country exclude 
females from the throne. Her uncle, the Duke of Cum- 
berland, eldest surviving son of George III., accordingly 
succeeded William IV. as King of Hanover. Queen Victoria 
was eighteen years of age at her accession, of pleasing, 
simple manners, and possessing a character well formed to 
habits of truthfulness, and a strict adherence to principle. 
No sovereign ever ascended the throne with a more solemn 
sense of the responsibility attending so lofty a position, or 
impressed with a more earnest devotion to the interests of 
her subjects. 

87. In the first year of this reign, an insurrection broke 
out in Lower Canada, on account of the discontent of the 
people toward the government; but it was soon put down, 
and tranquillity restored. Upper and Lower Canada were 
afterward united into one province in order to give greater 
strength to the government (1840). At home everything 

86. Who succeeded William IV.? What union was dissolved, and why ? Who 
"became King of Hanover? Age and character of Victoria ? 

8 7. Insurrection in Canada ? The result? Disturbances at home? What was 
demanded ? 



202 THE HOUSE OE BKU^SWICK. [A. ». 1S40. 

was ill a disturbed state in consequence of the discontent 
of the working-classes, whose sufferings from the scarcity 
of work, the high price of food, and the lowness of wages 
were extreme. Riots and insurrections against the govern- 
ment were the consequence, the people showing a deter- 
mination to redress their grievances by resorting to physical 
force. A 'repeal of the Corn Laws was most vehemently 
demanded. 

88. In connection with this agitation, a political associa- 
tion, called " Chartists/' was formed, their object being to 
obtain a new Charter of government, embodying universal 
suffrage, vote by ballot, the abolition of the property quali- 
fication for members of Parliament, equal electoral districts, 
and the annual assembling of Parliament. Great mass 
meetings were held, at one of which as many as 200,000 
persons were computed to have been present. This charter, 
signed by more than a million of citizens, was presented to 
Parliament (1839). The demands of the Chartists being 
refused, riots ensued, which, however, were soon put 
down. 

89. In 1840, Queen Victoria was married to Prince 
Albert of Saxe-Co'burg-Go'tha (one of the German States). 
He was a man of refined tastes, and most benevolent and 
enlightened views; and, subsequently, through his efforts, 
many essential benefits were conferred upon the country. 
Parliament voted the Prince-consort an annuity of £30,000 
for life, and by a bill of naturalization conferred upon him 
the rights and privileges of a British citizen. A short 
time previous to this, the Anti-corn-law League was 
formed at Manchester, through the influence of Richard 
Cobden* and others; the design being to procure the 

* Richard Cohd-en. one of the most eminent of the English liberal politicians, was horn in 1804. 
Tie spent the first part of his life in mercantile pursuits; and subsequently, represented various 
constituencies in the House of Commons, where he distinguished himself by his eloquence 
and clearness of thought. He twice visited the United States. He has been very aptly styled 
the " Apostle of Free Trade.'' 

88. The Chartists? Their demands? Mass meetings? Presentation of the 
Charter? The result? 

89. Marriage of Queen Victoria? Prince Albert? Anti-corn-law League? 
Its design '. Kepcal of the Corn Laws ? 



A. D. 1810.] THE HOUSE OE BRITXSWICK. 2G3 

abolition not only of these obnoxious and oppressive laws, 
but of all others that were in conflict with the principles 
of free trade. It was not, however, until 1816 that the 
Corn Laws were repealed by Parliament. 

90. An insurrection in Cabul (kah-booV) expelled the 
English from Af-ghan-is-tan'; and the retreating army, 
consisting of 17,000 men, nearly all perished among the 
mountain passes, from cold, famine, and the attacks of 
their enemies (1811). The next year, under Lord Ellen- 
borough,* Cabul was retaken and its fortifications destroyed ; 
but Afghanistan was abandoned. The reduction of Scinde 
(sind), a district on the lower Indus, by Sir Charles jNTa'pier,f 
was the next event of importance (1813), which was soon 
followed by a war with the Sikhs (siks) of the Pun-jab', 
who, after several severe conflicts, were obliged to yield to 
the skill and valor of the British. The conquest of these 
districts gave the British government control of the entire 
peninsula of Hindostan (1849). 

91. During the same period a war was waged with 
China, being brought on by the unjustifiable conduct of 
the British traders in opium, who insisted upon importing 
that drug into the empire, in violation of her laws. The 
Chinese authorities having seized and destroyed the opium, 
and imprisoned Captain Elliot, the trade superintendent, 
the English shipping retaliated, and war ensued (1840). 
The island of Hong Kong was captured, and an army sent 
from India took Canton. Further north, Amoy was taken 
by Sir Henry Pottinger ; and, the British forces having 

*Then Governor-general of Indin. He had held previously prominent positions in the Cabinet 
under the Wellington and Peel administrations. After his return from India lie continued to 
occupy a distinguished place in the government, and attained a very high distinction for his 
ibrce and eloquence as a debater. 

+ Sir Charles Janus Napier was previously distinguished for his exploits in the Peninsular war. 
His subsequent career in India was marked by great ability both in the civil and military ser- 
vice, lie returned to England in 1851, and died two years afterward The history of the con- 
quest of Scinde was written by his brother Sir William Napier, the author of the " History of 
the Peninsular War, - ' considered the greatest military history in the English language. 



90. The Afghan war ? What was done hy Lord Ellen borough ? By Sir Charles 
Napier? Where is Scinde? (See map of British iDdia). War with the Sikhs? 
Result of these wars? 

91. Cause of the Chinese war? What was done by the English? What 
treaty was made ? 



264 THE HOUSE OP BRUNSWICK. [A. ». 1847. 

marched to the walls of Xankin, the Chinese accepted the 
offered terms of peace. In accordance with the treaty, 
Hong Kong was ceded to the British ; and five ports, 
including Canton, were opened to foreign trade. The 
Chinese government also paid 621,000,000 as an indemnity 
for the expenses of the war (1842). 

92. War was carried on at the same time in the Levant ; 
the object being to preserve the Empire of Turkey from 
the hostile encroachments of Mehemet Ali (ma'Jie-met 
o.li'U), the pasha of Egypt, which, it was thought, were 
secretly abetted by Eussia and France. Having taken pos- 
session of Syria, and refusing to withdraw on the demand 
of Turkey, supported by Austria and Great Britain, a fleet 
was sent to enforce obedience, and the inhabitants of Syria 
were encouraged in an insurrection against him (1840). 
After Acre and some of the other Syrian ports had been 
taken by Commodore Xapier,* and Alexandria threatened, 
the pasha agreed to withdraw his troops; and a treaty 
was shortly concluded with him by which Egypt was 
virtually yielded to him as an independent monarchy, he 
being made hereditary viceroy (1841). 

93. At this time, the influence wielded by O'Connell in 
Ireland was enormous, the object of his efforts being to 
obtain a repeal of the Union. Monster meetings were held 
at Tara and other places, and immense sums of money were 
collected from the people to aid the cause. In consequence 
of some seditious expressions alleged to have been used at 
one of these meetings, O'Connell was arrested, and con- 
demned on a charge of conspiracy and sedition, by the 
Court of Queen's Bench in Dublin. The judgment was 
afterward reversed by the House of Lords, but the agita- 
tion was crushed for the time. O'Connell died in 1847, at 



* Sir Gharlex Napier, cousin to Sir Charles James Napier, the hero of Scinde, was horn in 
17So. and died iu I860, after a long life of active service. 

92. War in Syria » How was ir terminated ? What did Es:ypt become ? 

93. Agitation in Ireland by OTonnell? Prosecution of O'Connell? Hia 
deaiur 



A.D. 1S50.] THE HOUSE OF BRL%SWICK. 265 

Genoa, while on a journey to Rome, whither he was going 
for the benefit of his health. 

94. The failure of the potato crop in Ireland led to 
increased distress in that unhappy country, vast numbers 
of the people dying of famine, notwithstanding the aid 
which was generously sent by England and the United 
States (1847). This was followed by a brief and abortive 
insurrection excited by the more violent members of the 
Repeal Association, who had styled themselves the "Young 
Ireland Party." Among them were William Smith O'Brien, 
Thomas Francis Meagher, and John Mitchell, the editor 
of the "United Irishmen." The leaders were transported, 
but some of them subsequently succeeded in making their 
escape to the United States. 

95. During the same year, the Chartists, encouraged by the 
successful revolution in France, by which Louis Philippe 
had been driven from his throne (1848), renewed their 
agitation, and under the pretext of presenting a petition to 
Parliament, assembled in London to the number of 20,000. 
Great alarm and excitement prevailed ; but, under the 
skilful dispositions of the Duke of Wellington, the rioters 
were promptly dispersed. The repeal of the Navigation 
Laws, which in various forms had existed for two centuries, 
indicated a still further advance in the principles of free 
trade (1849). Sir Robert Peel,* under whose energetic and 
enlightened administration these beneficent measures had 
been adopted, died shortly afterward from a fall from his 
horse (1850). 

96. The Great Exhibition, or " World's Fair," for display- 
ing the products of the manufacturing industry of all 
nations, was designed to encourage the same principles of 



* Sir Robert Peel, one of the most eminent of British statesmen, was born in England in 
1786. 

94. Famine in Ireland? Insurrection under O'Brien and others? 

95. Renewal of the Chartists' agitation? How terminated? What repeal 
took place ? Death of Sir Robert Peel ? 

96. The World's Fair? Its object? Where held? By whom conceived and 
encouraged ? 

12 



2G6 THE HOtj'SE OF BRUNSWICK. [A. JTJ. 1854. 

free trade. It was held in the Crystal Palace, at Hyde Park, 
a building designed by Sir Joseph Paxton, and of immense 
extent and great architectural beauty (1851). The first 
idea of this enterprise was conceived by Prince Albert, who 
took a leading part in its consummation ; and it had also 
received considerable support from Sir Robert Peel. 

97. A war of two years with the Caffres of South Africa 
(1851-3) aud a second Burmese war (1852) were the means 
of extending the conquests of Great Britain in those regions. 
By the war with the Burmese the British gained the prov- 
ince of Pegu. This was soon followed by a war of much 
greater magnitude and importance, brought on by the am-, 
bitious designs of the Czar Nicholas upon the Ottoman 
Empire. On the ground that all members of the Greek 
church should be under his government, he invaded the 
Danubian principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, with 
the design of annexing them to his own dominions (1853). 

98. Great Britain having protested in vain against these 
encroachments on the part of Eussia, entered into an alli- 
ance with France, and declared war against the Czar (1854). 
A fleet under Admiral Sir Charles Napier was sent to the 
Baltic, and destroyed the batteries of Bomarsund,* but 
failed to attack the great fortress of Cronstadt, at the en- 
trance to the Russian capital. French and English fleets 
proceeded to the Black Sea and blockaded the harbor of 
Sebastopol ; f and a French army under Marshal St. Arnaud 
{ar'no),X joined with an English force under Lord Raglan. § 
entered the Crimea. The allied armies were opposed at the 
Alma || river by a Russian force under Prince Menschikoff, - 

* On the island of Aland, in the Baltic Sea. 

+ Sebatrtqpol, a strongly fortified seaport in the Crimea — a peninsula in the southern part of 
Russia. 
£ Previously distinguished in the war in Algiers. He was born at Paris in 1801. 

* Served with distinction in the Peninsular War. under Wellington, also in the battle of 
Waterloo, where he lost his sword-arm. He was born in 1733, and was descended from one of 
the noblest families in England 

I The A'ma s a small river in the Crimea ; Babtk'aoa, a town on the Black Sea, southwest 
fr. m Sebastopol ; Inkermann, a seaport near Balaklava. 



97. What wars followed? What was gained by Great Britain? Where is 
PeffQ? (See map of British India). What caused another war? Encroachments 
of the Czar Nicholas? 

9S. What alliance was formed? Expedition to the Baltic? To the Black Sea? 
Battle of Alma? 



A.». 1854.] THE HOUSE OF BKUJ^SWICK. 2G7 

which they routed with considerable loss September 20, 
(1851). 

99. Unable directly to march on Sebastopol, the allies 
next proceeded to the harbor of Balaklava, situated a little 
to the south of it, in order that they might obtain supplies 
from their ships. In a few weeks they advanced and 
opened fire upon the place, which, in the meanwhile, had 
been strengthened by almost impregnable fortifications. An 
attack by the Russians on the British lines at Balaklava 
was repulsed after a severe battle (October 25), chiefly 
memorable for the brilliant but useless charge made by the 
light cavalry brigade under the Earl of Cardigan. Mis- 
taking the order of Lord Raglan, this body, consisting of 
600 men, made an attack upon the Russian artillery over a 
plain a mile and a half in length, and returned leaving 
more than two-thirds of their number dead on the field. 

100. Another attack by the Russians at Inkermann was 
repulsed with terrific loss (November 5), after which the 
Russians kept themselves, with occasional sorties, within 
the defences of the city. The sufferings of the English 
troops during the ensuing winter were of the most heart- 
rending character, being ill supplied with food and the means 
of shelter from the inclemency of the weather, although sev- 
eral ships laden with stores were lying in the harbor of 
Balaklava. This caused a vote of censure on the govern- 
ment by the House of Commons, and a change of admin- 
istration, Lord Palmerston becoming premier. 

101. Effectual means of relieving the army were at once 
taken. A railway was constructed from Balaklava to the 
camp; and although constantly exposed to the fire of the 
enemy's batteries, supplies were successfully transported to 
the army. A submarine telegraph having been laid under 

99. Commencement of the siege of Sebastopol? Battle of Balaklava ? Charge 
of the Light Brigade ? 

100. Battle of Inkermann? Its result? Sufferings of the British troops? 
Change in the administration ? 

101. How was the army relieved? Submarine telegraph? Death of the 
Czar ? Change of English and French generals ? 



2 ; THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. [A. D. 1S5 6. 

the Black Sea to Varna, telegrams from the seat of war 
communicated to the government at London the intelli- 
gence of events an hour or two after their occurrence. 
Notwithstanding the death of the Czar and the -. q 

of his son Alexander (March 2. 1855); the war was con- 
tinued. Twice were the Euglish and French generals 
changed. Canrobert (can-ro-bare). assumed the command 
on the death of St. Arnaud, hut was superseded by General 
Pelissier (pa-lisse-a) (May, :-" On the leath of 

Raglan, the command of the British troops devolved upon 
General Simpson, who was soon succeeded by Sir William 
C Irington. 

102. The Trench having succeeded in storming an im- 
portant outwork called the "Mamelon," a terrific bombard- 
ment was kept up for Several days, after which an assault 

made, resulting in the capture of the fort called 
the Malakoff (September Si. The English also succ-e 
in storming a powerful fortress called the Redan, but were 
unable to hold it under the dreadful fire of the Eussian 
guns. Sevastopol was. however, no linger tenable: and 
was theref re abandoned by the Russians during the night. 
The allies immediately took possession, and caused all the 
fortresses and dockyards to be destroyed. Thus termin- 
ated, after a duration of eleven months, one of the most 
extraordinary sieges described in his: 

103. The fall of S 3 pol was soon followed by n _ 
tions for peace, which was concluded by a treaty at the 
commencement of the next year (1856). Russia resigned 
her claims to the Danubiau principalities; the freedom of 
the Danube and the Black Sea was guaranteed : and the 
Christian subjects of Turkey were placed under the pro- 
tection of the contracting Powers. It was during this war 
that Florence Xightingale. so illustrious for lie: - -sacri- 

1 02. What i* said of the storming of the Mamelon ? Of the Malakoff and RVdan * 
What foil- - events* Destruction of :?eha.-topol * What . >f the 

and irs duration ? 
103. When was peace concluded* The terms of the treaty? Florence 

> _•..• ... 



A.D. 1857.] THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 2G9 

firing deeds of humanity, took charge of the hospital at 
Scutari, and devoted herself, with her band of nurses, to 
the relief of the sick and wounded.* Her ministrations 
were like those of an angel to the suffering soldiers, all of 
whom were comforted by her presence and cheered by her 
gentle words of sympathy or her smiles of encouragement. 

104. The next year (1857) is remarkable for the Indian 
mutiny, occasioned by the introduction of Enfield rifles, 
for which it was necessary to use greased cartridges. The 
native soldiers being forbidden by their religion to taste 
animal food, revolted, because in loading the rifles they were 
compelled to bite off the ends of the cartridges. A strong 
feeling of alarm and discontent had also been excited in 
the minds of the native chiefs by the dethronement of the 
King of Oude f (oivcl) by Lord Dalhousie, the Governor- 
General (185G), to which was added a feeling of independ- 
ence on the part of the Sepoys, the result of the injudicious 
and inefficient management of the East India Company. 

105. The first outbreak occurred at Mee'rut, where a 
number of the Sepoys having been imprisoned for refusing 
to use the cartridges, their comi^des broke open the gaol 
and released them, together with a large number of other 
prisoners. A massacre of the Europeans was immediately 
commenced (March 10, 1857) ; and the insurgents then 
marched on Delhi (del'le) and captured it, with all its 
immense stores of fire-arms and ammunition. This city 
was retaken by the British troops after a siege of two 
months, by means of the most desperate fighting, and with 
great loss of life (September). Cawnpore and Lucknow 
were the scenes of other insurrections. At the former place 

* Florence Nightingale was born of English parents at Florence in 1823. Although highly 
educated and brilliantly accomplished, the early exhibited an intense devotion to the alleviation 
of suffering. In 1844, she commenced to give her attention to the condition of hospitals, which she 
visited and inspected in various parts of Europe, and studied under the Sisters of Charity in 
Paris. In 1851 she went into training as a nurse in an institution on the Rhine. All this 
specially fitted her for the great work which she performed in the Crimea, and by means of 
which she sacrificed her own health. Her " Xotes on Nursing" was published in 1858. 

t Situated in the northern part of Hindostan. Its capital is Lucknow. 



104. What caused the Indian Mutiny? Discontent amoii"; the native chiefs? 

105. Where did the revolt commence ? What followed ? Recapture of Delhi ? 
What occurred at Cawnpore and Luckuow ? 



2?0 THE HOUSE OE BRUNSWICK. [A. ». 1858. 

the English were massacred with frightful atrocity by the 
Sepoys under Xena Sahib, (sali'eeb), who was afterward 
defeated by General Havelock* and Sir Colin Campbell.! 

106. These two officers displayed the greatest skill and 
courage in their operations against the rebellion, which was 
finally crushed after a two years' struggle (1859). The 
dreadful outrages on men, women, and children perpetrated 
during this war by the native soldiers, and the horrible pun- 
ishments afterward inflicted upon the latter by the British, 
scarcely find a parallel in history. This insurrection hav- 
ing demonstrated the inability of the East India Company 
to govern so large a population, its possessions were trans- 
ferred to the crown, and the Queen was formally proclaimed 
Sovereign of India, its affairs being managed by a special 
member of the Cabinet (the Indian Secretary), assisted by 
a council, and the immediate government vested in a Vice- 
roy, with the powers formerly possessed by the Governor- 
General (September 1, 1858). Thus, after an existence of 
more than two hundred and fifty years, the East India 
Company, which had founded and governed this mighty 
empire, ceased to exist. 

107. During the Indian war hostilities were resumed 
against the Chinese in consequence of their seizure of a 
British smusrfflmg' vessel. The English governor of Hong 
Kong, regarding this as a" national affront, ordered the 
bombardment of Canton, and thus brought on another 
Chinese war. The French took part in it with the English ; 
and their combined forces took Canton, stormed the de- 



* Previously distinguished in the Afghan and Sikh wars. He died of dysentery before the 
Indian war ended (November, 1857 . 

+ Sir f''>lin VampbtM, afterward Lord Clyde, one of the most distinguished British srenerals 
of modern times, was born at Glasgow in 1792 lie served in the Peninsular w;ir, and 
took part in the expedition to thel'nited State? in 1SU. He also served in the Chinese.Afglian, 
and Crimean wars, taking a prominent part in the battles of the Alma and Balaklava. lie 
received his title in 1358. as a reward for his exploits in India. 



10G. What is said of Havelock and Sir Colin Campbell? The atrocities com- 
mitted? The dissolution of the East India Company? Subsequent government 
of India? 

107. What caused a renewal of the war with China ? What was done by the 
English and French forces? Treaty of peace? Difficulties with Persia ? 



A. D. 1868.] THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 271 



fences of Pekin, and having reached that city took and 
pillaged the Emperor's summer palace. The Chinese then 
submitted to the terms of peace dictated by these European 
conquerors, throwing open the country to the merchants 
and missionaries of Europe (1860). Difficulties with Persia 
about the same time were settled in a similar manner, the 
British ships capturing its chief port, Bushire (boo-sheer)* 
and other towns, thus compelling the Shah to sue for peace. 

108. By the sagacity and skill of Lord Elgin, the British 
minister in China, communications were opened with 
Japan, affording to British enterprise opportunities for a 
very valuable commerce with that country. The attempt 
to establish friendly relations with Abyssinia was not so 
successful. One of the native chiefs having made quite 
extensive conquests, assumed the title of King Theodore; 
and, taking offence at the English, imprisoned the consul 
and several other persons, subjecting them to very great 
indignities and sufferings. Every attempt to procure their 
release by negotiation having failed, an expedition under 
Sir Robert Napier was sent to accomplish their rescue by 
force. After a difficult march of four hundred miles from 
the sea-coast, Magdala, the stronghold of Theodore, was 
reached and soon stormed. Theodore having perished 
by his own hand, and the captives having been released, 
the British retired from the country (1868). 

109. Another measure of parliamentary reform was car- 
ried in 1867, the effect of which was to extend the elective 
franchise, and to increase the number of representatives for 
Scotland and Ireland by equalizing the election districts. 
The most important measure which has been adopted since 
then is the abolition of the established church in Ireland, 
a very tardy act of justice to that long-suffering and much- 

* Bushire is an important seaport, situated on the Persian Galf. 



108. Commercial intercourse with Japan? Difficulties with Abyssinia? War 
with Theodore ? Its result? 

109. Parliamentary reform ? Disestablishment of the Irish Church ? 



272 THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. [A. D. 1870. 

oppressed country. This was carried after a very violent 
struggle in both Houses, and is now (1870) being carried 
into effect. It frees the Irish people from the support of a 
church to which they do not belong, and which is opposed 
to their own religious faith. 

110. The greatest domestic affliction which Queen Vic- 
toria has suffered was the loss of Prince Albert, who died 
of typhoid fever in 1861. His public spirit, beneficent 
character, and ardent zeal in all enterprises for the benefit 
of the country, and the enthusiastic interest which he took 
in both science and art, made him the idol of the people, 
and his death was deplored as a national loss. He left four 
sons and five daughters. The eldest of the latter was mar- 
ried in 1858 to Frederic William, Crown Prince of Prussia. 
The liberality of the queen in all measures of reform, her 
ready acquiescence in the will of her people, when definitely 
ascertained and legitimately expressed, and her social and 
domestic virtues, have won for her the esteem and affection 
of all classes of her subjects. 

110. Death of Prince Albert? His character? Children? Character of Vic- 
toria ? 



THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 273 



State of Society since the Accession of George IV. 

111. During this period, which comprehends the last 
half century (from 1820 to 1870), the political changes 
which have occurred indicate a marked progress in liberal 
government, and the spread of enlightened views as to the 
rights and privileges of the middle and lower orders of the 
people. Sounder and more judicious principles of govern- 
ment have prevailed, as are indicated by the repeal of the 
corn and navigation laws, the measures of parliamentary 
reform adopted, and the establishment of a free trade 
policy.* 

112. The severity of criminal law has been greatly miti- 
gated, in pursuance of a policy advocated during the first 
part of the century by Eomilly, Mackintosh, and others. 
Petty theft, until 1808, was punished by death, and the 
execution of scores of criminals together was a frequent 
spectacle in London. In 1837 a bill was passed abolishing 
the death-penalty for at least two-thirds of the crimes to 
which it had been assigned; and since that time it has been 
further restricted, and the whole character of criminal 
legislation has been greatly ameliorated. 

113. The progress of pure religious sentiment has been 
strikingly manifested by the establishment of very many 
societies for the propagation of Christianity, the diffusion 
of religious knowledge, and the philanthropic aid as well 
as instruction of the ignorant, the destitute, and the suffer- 
ing in all parts of the kingdom; while the foreign mission- 
ary enterprises have been very numerous and active. Much 
has also been done to promote the cause of general educa- 

*Tlie emancipation of the Catholics from the political disabilities under which they suffered 
so long, and the admission of Jews to Parliament (1858), are additional indications of the prog- 
ress of enlightened sentiments, and the extinction of those prejudices, which are the offspring 
of ignorance and bigotry. 



• 111. Political changes during the last half-century ? What indications of a 
sounder and more enlightened policy? 

112. Changes in criminal law ? The death-penalty? 

113. How has the progress of religious sentiment been indicated? The 
cause of education ? What societies have been founded with this aim ? 



274 THE HOUSE. OF BRUNSWICK. 

tion, by improvements in the national schools, and by the 
establishment of societies for the spread of knowledge 
among the people. Of the latter the London Mechanics' 
Institute, founded in 1823 ; the Society for the Diffusion 
of Useful Knowledge, instituted in 1826 ; and the Univer- 
sity of London, founded in 1828, are examples. 

114. The material progress made by the nation during 
this period has been truly wonderful. The achievements 
in science and art perhaps surpass those of all the preced- 
ing centuries combined, and bring to the poorest classes 
comforts and conveniences which could not previously 
have been enjoyed by kings and nobles. The country has 
been crossed in every direction by railroads of the very 
best construction ; ocean steam-vessels have revolution- 
ized commerce and navigation; the electric telegraph has 
brought every part of the kingdom into instant communi- 
cation with all other parts of the civilized world; while 
the building of iron-clad war-steamers has rendered obso- 
lete all former achievements in naval architecture, and 
changed entirely the character of maritime warfare. 

115. The improvements in printing, including the gen- 
eral use of stereotype and electrotype plates, and the steam 
printing-press, have greatly facilitated the diffusion of 
knowledge, and augmented the number of journals, peri- 
odicals, and books of all kinds circulated among the peo- 
ple. The literature of the period is enriched by the pro- 
ductions of Ten'ny-son, the poet-laureate; Thack'e-ray, 
Dickens, and Bulwer, among novelists; and Ma-cau'lay, 
Oarlyle, Buckle, De Quincey, and many others, historians, 
essayists, etc., who, in every department of prose and 
poetry, have shed lustre upon the language and literature 
of their country. 

114. Material progress of the country? Science and art? What improve- 
ments have been effected ? 

115. Improvements in printing ? Their effect ? The literature of the period ? 
Some of the most prominent writers ? 



THE HOUSE OF BKUNSWICK. 275 



CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 

A. D. 

1714. George I. Reigned 13 years. 

1715. Invasion of Scotland by the Pretender. 

1720. The South Sea bubble. 

1721. Commencement of Sir Robert Walpole's administration. 
1727. George II. Reigned 33 years. 

1743. Battle of Dettingen 

1745. Battle of Fontenoy, 

" Invasion of Scotland by Charles Edward. 

1746. Battle of Culloden. 

1748. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 

1759. Capture of Quebec, and death of General "Wolfe. 

1760. George III. Reigned 60 years. 
1775. War of the American Revolution. 

1783. The American colonies acknowledged free and independent. 

1788. Trial of Warren Hastings commenced. 

1798. Battle of the Nile. 

1801. Legislative Union of Great Britain and Ireland. 

1802. Peace of Amiens. 

1805. Battle of Trafalgar. Death of Lord Nelson. 

1809. Battle of Corunna. Death of Sir John Moore. 

1814. Treaty of Ghent. 

1815. Battle of Waterloo. 

1820. George IV. Reigned 10 years. 

1827. Battle of Navarino. Greece made an independent kingdom. 

1830. William IV. Reigned 7 years. 

1834. Slavery abolished in all the British colonies. 

1837. Victoria. 

1841. Afghan war. Cabul taken. Chinese war. 

1846. Conquest of Scinde by Sir Charles Napier. 

" Corn-laws repealed. 

1849. Repeal of the navigation laws. 

1854. Battles of the Alma, Balaklava, and Inkermann. 

1855. Capture of Sebastopol. End of the Crimean war. 

1857. Indian Mutiny. Delhi taken. Chinese war. 

1858. Abolition of the East India Company. 
1861. Death of Prince Albert. 

1867. Second Reform Bill passed. 

1868. Expedition to Abyssinia. 

1869. Disestablishment of the Irish Church. 



276 THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 



GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK 

George I. 



George II. Sophia. 
(Queen of Prussia.) 



Frederic. William. Six others. 

(Died in 1751 .) (Duke of Cumberland.) 



George III. 



George IV. Frederick. Charlotte. William IV. Edward. Ernest. 

(Duke of York.) (Queen of (Duke of Kent.) (King of 

| Wurtemburg.) | Hanover.) 

Charlotte, Victoria. 

(Princess of Wales, died 1817.) 

„ i i i i i i i i i 

\ ictona Albert Alice. Alfred. Eleanor. Louisa. Arthur. Leopold. Beatrice. 
Adelaide. Edward. 

(Prince of Wales.) 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

PAGE 

1. How many persons named George hare been kings of England ? 219—249 

2. Which of them were not born in England : ; 219-221 -227 

3. Who was George I., and when did he become king ? 219 

4. What efforts was he compelled to make in order to retain the throne ? 219 

5. Give an account of his troubles with Sweden and Spain 220 

6. Give an account of the project known as the South Sea Scheme 220 

T State what you further can in relation to George 1 221 

8. State what you can of Sir Robert Walpole 220-221-^22 

9. Name, in order, the principal events in the reign of George H 221 — 230 

10. Give an account of his contest with Spain* 222 

11. State how England became involved in the War of the Austrian Suc- 

cession 222-223 

12. Name the principal events of the war in which England was a party. . 223-234 

13. Give an account of the danger that threatened George II. at home ,223-224 

14. Of the contest between the English and French in North America 223-223 

15. Of the events of the famous " Seven Years' War" 225-226-231 

16. Give an account of the conquests made by the English in India. . . 227-223-229 

17. What can you state of the death and character of George II. '? 226-227 

18. Of Sir Winiam Pitt, Earl of Chatham 1 226-230-232-233-234-235 

19. Name, in order, the principal events in the reign of George HI 230—249 

£0. What train of events led to the war with the American colonies : ; . . 281-232-233 

21. Name, in order, the principal events of that war 233-234-235 

22. How did France become involved in the wir ? 235 

23. What events of the war were the direct consequences to France ? 235-236 

24. With what other nations was England at war at the <anie time ? 2:55 

25. What were the consequences to Spain and Holland ? 235 

26. State what you can of Warren Hastings and his trial 235-236 



THE HOUSE OF BRUNSWICK. 277 

PAGR 

27. How did England become involved in the French Revolution ? 237 

28. In what events of the war that followed was England a party ? 237-238-239-240 

29. Give an account of the war against the league of Russia, Sweden, and Den- 

mark , 240 

30. Of Ireland and the Irish during the reign of George III. 238-239-note, 

p. 239-240-241 

31. Of Napoleon's operations in Egypt and Syria 237-238 

32. Of affairs on land and water while Napoleon was First Consul. 238-239-240-241 

33. When did Napoleon become Emperor of France, and when King of Italy? 241 

34. What were the immediate consequences of his assumption of power ? 241 

35. What successes did Napoleon soon gain in Austria, Russia, and 

Prussia ? 241-242 

36. What train of events led to the " Peninsular War ?" 211-242-243 

37. Name, in order, the principal events of that war 24:3-244-245 

38. In which of them were the French successful ? 243-244 

39. In which of them were the English successful ? 243-244-245 

40. Name the distinguished officers, French and English, of the war. .. 243-244-245 

41. W T hat successes, meanwhile, had Napoleon gained over Austria ? 244 

42. Why did Napoleon consent to retire to the island of Elba ? 245 

43. Give the further account of Napoleon 246-247 

44. Give an account of England's second war with the United States 245-246 

45. Wliat consequences to England followed the establishment of peace in 

Burope ? 248 

46. What can you state of the death and character of George III. ? 248-249 

47. What wars occurred during his reign ? 230 — 248 

48. Name, in order, the principal events of his reign 230 — 275 

49. Who were the first three Brunswick kings ? 219-221-230 

50. What political advancement did the people make during their reign ?. . .249-250 

51. What advancement in religious matters did they make ? 250-251 

52. What advancement did they make in commerce and navigation ? 252 

53. What, in the methods and implements of agriculture ? 252 

54. What, in the industrial arts ? 253 

55. What, in the manufacture of iron ? 253-254 

56. W T hat, in the fine arts ? 254-255 

57. What progress was made in scientific discovery ? 255-256 

58. What was accomplished respecting literature ? 256 

59. Name the principal events in the reign of George IV. ? 256 — 259 

60. What persons named William have been kings of England ? 259 

61. What were the principal events in the reign of William IV. ? 259 — 261 

62. By whom was William IV. succeeded on the throne ? 261 

63. Name, in order, the principal events of Victoria's reign 275 

64. Give an account of the insurrection in Canada 261 

65. Who were the " Chartists," and what did they undertake ? 262-265 

66. Give an account of the war in Hindostan 263 

67. Give an account of the two wars with China 263-264-270-271 

68. Give an account of the Avar in the Levant 264 

69. Give an account of Daniel O'Connell 259-260-264-265 

70. Of the war on the part of England and France against Russia 266-267-268 

71. Of the war growing out of the Indian mutiny in 1857 269-270 

72. Of the troubles with King Theodore of Abyssinia 271 

73. State what you can of Prince Albert 262-272 



APPENDIX. 279 



APPENDIX. 



I. The Bkitish Constitution. 

1. The Constitution of Great Britain, unlike our Federal 
and State Constitutions, is composed of the whole body of 
public law, including all the various political principles 
established at different times by legislative enactment, and 
expressing the general will of the nation. No part of 
English history is more interesting or instructive than that 
which exhibits the development of this political system, as 
the great mass of the people gradually emerged from a con- 
dition of ignorance and servitude to one of enlightenment 
and freedom. By revolution after revolution, each branch 
of government received its proper limitation, and the sov- 
ereign power virtually passed from the hands of the scep- 
tered monarch to the voice of the people, as expressed by 
their representatives in Parliament. 

2. Parliament consists of two branches — the House of 
Lords and the House of Commons. In the former are 
represented the interests of the nobility or aristocracy, and 
those of the Church, which is established by law. Hence 
there are Lords spiritual and Lords temporal in this, called 
the "Upper House;" the former consisting of twenty-six 
prelates of the Church of England and four of the Irish 
Church. The number of Lords temporal is not perma- 
nently fixed, the sovereign having the power to increase it 
by conferring new titles. Of these there are five ranks: 
dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, and barons, all of whom, 
collectively, are styled Lords, or Peers of the Realm. 

3. The House of Lords is an hereditary body, as far as 
regards the English peers : the Irish peers serve for life, 



280 APPENDIX. 



and the Scottish peers sit only during one Parliament. The 
latter are sixteen in number; of the Irish peers there are 
twenty-eight. Both of these are respectively elected by 
the peerage of the country which they represent. The 
House of Lords can alone originate any bills that affect the 
rights or privileges of the nobility, and no amendments or 
alterations can be made in them by the Commons. This 
House is also the highest judicial tribunal in the kingdom. 
Peers can be tried only therein, as well as officers of State 
when impeached by .the Lower House. It is also the last 
court of appeal from all other tribunals of inferior jurisdic- 
tion. The number of members of this House generally 
exceeds, in the aggregate, four hundred. 

4. The House of Commons includes the representatives 
of counties, cities, boroughs, and some of the universities, 
the whole number amounting to six hundred and fifty- 
eight, nearly five-eighths of whom are returned by England 
and Wales. The principal element of power possessed by 
the Commons is the exclusive right to vote supplies for the 
carrying on of the government. All money-bills must, 
therefore, originate in this House, and may be rejected, but 
cannot be altered, by the Lords. No Parliament can sit 
longer than seven years; and a new Parliament must be 
summoned by the sovereign within six months after his 
accession, and within three years from the dissolution of 
any Parliament. 

5. The executive power is exercised by the sovereign, but 
only through ministers, who are responsible to the people 
for every act performed by royal authority. Hence arises 
the maxim, " The King can do no wrong," his ministers 
alone being answerable. The chief of these constitute the 
Cabinet, which is composed of the following officers — the 
First Lord of the Treasury, or Premier ; the Lord Chancel- 
lor; the Lord Privy Seal; the President of the Council ; the 
Home Secretary ; the Foreign Secretary ; the Colonial Sec- 
retary; the Indian Secretary; the War Secretary; the 



APPENDIX. 281 



Chancellor of the Exchequer ; the First Lord of the Ad- 
miralty ; the President of the Board of Trade ; the Presi- 
dent of the Poor Law Board; the Postmaster-General ; the 
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster; the Chief Secretary 
for Ireland. 

0. When the ministry fail to carry any important 
measure through Parliament, they usually resign ; but the 
sovereign may dissolve the Parliament, and cause writs to 
be issued for the calling of a new one ; and if this refuse to 
sanction the measures of the government, a new ministry 
must be formed. Thus the executive is entirely dependent 
upon the will of the nation as declared by its representa- 
tives. Parliament may also be prorogued by the authority 
of the sovereign to any appointed time; and the effect of 
such prorogation is to quash all proceedings pending at the 
time, except impeachments in the Commons, and judicial 
appeals in the Lords. Either House may adjourn sepa- 
rately by its own authority ; but during such adjournment 
it may be called together by the sovereign. 

7. The Privy Council is another very important body in 
connection with the executive. It consists of a large number 
of dignitaries, both civil and ecclesiastical, appointed by 
the sovereign, all of whom must be natural-born subjects 
of Great Britain. The Cabinet Ministers form, as it were, 
a Committee of the Privy Council, the president of which 
is the fourth great officer of state. Meetings are held once 
in two or three weeks, but none of the members attend ex- 
cept such as are specially summoned by the sovereign, the 
meetings usually consisting of the Cabinet Ministers, the 
great officers of the queen's household, and the Archbishop 
of Canterbury. On extraordinary occasions, however, all 
the members are summoned. 

8. No act of parliament can become a law without the 
formal assent of the sovereign ; but the refusal to give 
such assent has become obsolete, not having been exercised 
since 1707 — during the reign of Queen Anne. Indeed, the 



282 APPEXDIX. 

necessity for it does not now exist, beinsf removed bv the 
fact that the sovereign rules through his ministers, and 
that these only continue in office as long as they can com- 
mand the support of Parliament. 

9. The duties of the sovereign, as prescribed in the coro- 
nation oath, are, first, to rule according to law; secondly, 
to execute judgment in mercy; and thirdly, to maintain 
the established religion. The royal prerogatives are, the 
power of making war and peace (the former restrained by 
the necessity of obtaining supplies from Parliament), the 
right to send and receive ambassadors, the power of con- 
ferring honors and titles, of appointing judges and sub- 
ordinate magistrates, of giving and revoking commissions 
in the army and navy, of pardoning offences, of giving 
or withholding his assent to acts of parliament, and, as 
head of the national church, the right to nominate to 
vacant bishoprics and other ecclesiastical preferments. 

10- The laws of Great Britain consist of the Common 
Lav: and the Statute Law. The former is based upon cus- 
tom and precedent, as established by previous decisions of 
the courts; the latter consists of the various acts of parlia- 
ment passed from time to time. In addition to this, there 
is the law of Equity, which is applied, by the sovereign, 
through the Lord Chancellor, in all cases where injustice 
would follow the operation of the Common law. The 
Courts of Chancery, or Equity, of Queen's (or King's) 
Bench, of Common Pleas, and of Exchequer, are the 
principal law courts in England and Ireland ; in Scot- 
land thev are the Court of Session and the Hi°h Court 
of Justiciary. 



APPENDIX. 283 



II. General View of the British Empire. 



The terra Britisli Empire is applied to the Kingdom of Great 
Britain and Ireland, with all its colonies ami dependencies. These 
embrace the following : — 

European. 

1. The Channel Islands, a group lying off the northwest coast of 
France, and formerly belonging to the Duchy of Normandy, and 
therefore attached to the English throne since the conquest. King 
John lost all Normandy except these islands. 

2. Gibraltar, a rocky promontory 1500 feet high, forming the 
southern extremity of Spain, about three miles in length, with an 
average breadth of three-quarters of a mile. Its classical name was 
Calpe; its present name is derived from the Arabic word Gibel, a moun- 
tain, and Tarik, the Saracen general by whom Spain was invaded in 
the eighth centuiy. It was taken by the British, under Sir George 
Rooke, in 1704, and ceded to England by the treaty of Utrecht. It is 
one of the most valuable military and naval stations possessed by 
Great Britain, being the Key of the Mediterranean Sea. 

3. Heligoland {Holy Land), a rocky islet situated off the estuary of 
the Elbe river. It derives its name from the religious rites of which 
it was the scene under the Saxons. It was occupied by Great Britain 
in 1807, and ceded formally to it in 1814. It contains a lighthouse 
and a small village, the inhabitants of which are occupied as pilots or 
engaged in the lobster and haddock fisheries. 

4. Man, an island in the Irish Sea, originally peopled by the Manx, 
a Celtic tribe, the language of whom is still in common use in the 
island. It was held as a feudal sovereignty by the Earls of Derby, 
and subsequently by the Duke of Athol ; from whom it was purchased 
in 1795, but the interests of the family in it were not entirely extin- 
guished till 1829. It has its own separate constitution and legislature, 
the latter consisting of the representatives of the people, and called 
the " House of Keys." 

5. Malta, an island about seventeen miles in length and nine in 
breadth, situated in the Mediterranean Sea, nearly sixty miles south 
of Sicily. On account of its position and the enormous strength of 



284 APPENDIX. 

its fortifications, it is of immense value as a naval station ; and is con- 
sequently one of the most important of the British dependencies. 
Xear the northwest coast is a small island called Gozo, which also 
belongs to Great Britain. In 1530, these islands were given by the 
Emperor Charles V. to the Knights of St John, whose stronghold 
at Rhodes had been captured by the Turks a short time previously. 
Malta sustained several tremendous assaults from the Turks while in 
the possession of the Knights, from whom it was taken by Xapoleon 
in 1798. The Maltese, with the aid of the British, retook it soon 
afterward; and, by the Congress of Vienna (in 1815), it was con- 
firmed as a British dependency. The population of these islands is 
about 110,000. 

Asiatic. 

1. India, including Hindostan and several provinces on the eastern 
shore of the Bay of Bengal. Its extent from the great mountain 
barrier on the north to Cape Comorin, its southern extremity, is about 
1800 miles ; and from the western boundary of Scinde to Pegu, about 
1900 miles. Its area is about 1,500,000 square miles, with a coast 
line of nearly 4,500 miles ; and it contains a population of about 15G 
millions. The various countries and provinces are placed under 
local governors, lieutenant-governors, and commissioners, all of 
whom are subject to the viceroy, appointed by and responsible to the 
crown. The administration is under the direction of the Indian 
Secretary. The history of this, the most splendid of the British 
dependencies, has been given in connection with the text. 

2. Ceylon, a considerable island to the south of Hindostan, includ- 
ing an area of more than 25,000 square miles, also belongs to Great 
Britain, by whom it was taken from the Dutch in 1796. It was for- 
mally ceded to the British by the treaty of Amiens (1802). The 
native kingdom of Kandy did not, however, submit to their sway 
until 1815. 

3. Malacca, a maritime settlement on the southwest coast of the 
Malay Peninsula, forty miles by twenty-five, with a population of 
about 60,000. It was taken from the Portuguese by the Dutch in 
1642 ; but, in 1795, it fell into the hands of the British, to whom it 
was formally ceded in 1824. 

4. Singapore, an island, twenty-five miles by fourteen, with a city 
of the same name on its southern shore. The total population, con- 
sisting of Chinese, Malays, various Indian races, and Europeans, is 
about 100,000. In 1818, as found by Sir Stamford Raffles, it was cov- 
ered with primeval forests, uninhabited except by a few fishermen 
and pirates who found shelter in its secluded rivers and bays. It 



APPENDIX. 285 



was then claimed b} r the Sultan of Lahore, from whom it was pur- 
chased by the British in 1824. Its commanding position, in the cen- 
tre of the highway leading from British India to China, makes it an 
exceedingly valuable possession, being the entrepot of the vast trade 
with those countries. 

5. Prince of Wales Island, sometimes called Penang, or Pu'lo 
Pemuig, situated at the mouth of the Strait of Malacca, near the 
west coast of the Malay peninsula. It has an area of 154 square 
miles, and a population of about 50,000. Its capital is Georgetown, 
which is also the seat of government for Malacca and Singapore. 
Toward the end of the last centuiy, Captain Light married the King 
of Queda's daughter, and received this island as a wedding-present, 
which he afterward transferred to the East India Company. The 
province of Wellesley, situated on the opposite shore of the peninsula, 
was purchased by the Company in 1802. The productions of these 
settlements are very valuable ; but their trade has been greatly dimin- 
ished, owing to the more favorable situation of Singapore. 

6. Sarawak and Labuan. — The former of these was obtained by 
the enterprise of Sir James Brooke, to whom it was granted in 1840 
by the Sultan of Borneo, as a recompense for aid furnished him in sub- 
duing some of his rebellious subjects. During the first Chinese war, 
Brooke was aided by a British vessel of war in reducing the pirates 
who were supported by the Sultan ; and in 1846 it was formally taken 
by the British, Brooke being made viceroy. In 1847, the British 
took possession of the island of Labuan {lah-boo-an') which had pre- 
viously been ceded to them by the Sultan. It is situated at a short 
distance to the north of the town of Borneo, and is chiefly valuable 
as a naval station between the East Indies and China. 

7. Hong Kong, a small island at the mouth of Canton river, about 
one hundred miles from the city of Canton. It is nine miles long 
and from two to six broad. Its capital, Victo?ia, is situated on the 
northern shore, and in a short time has become one of the most thriv- 
ing and beautiful of the British dependencies in Asia. The island was 
occupied by the British in 1841, and ceded to them by the treaty with 
China made at the close of the war, in 1842. 

8. Aden, a town in the southwestern part of Arabia, held by means 
of a strong garrison and powerful fortifications, by the British, to 
whom it was ceded by the Sultan in 1838, and taken possession of by 
force of arms in 1839, the Sultan desiring to withdraw from his con- 
tract. In a commercial point of view, it is a very important posses- 
sion, having a position between Asia and Africa, like that of Gibraltar 
between Europe and Africa. The old commercial route, by way of 



286 . APPENDIX. 

the Red Sea, having, within the last few years, been resumed, Aden 
has become still more valuable as a stopping-place for steam-vessels 
between Bombay and Suez. Its population is about 25,000. 

Australian. 

1. Australia, called by the Dutch settlers New Holland, contains 
the colonies of New South Wales, founded in 1788 ; West Australia, 
in 1829 ; South Australia, in 1834; Victoria, in 1851 ; and Queensland, 
in 1859. In 1851, gold was discovered in the island ; and, in conse- 
quence, the tide of emigration set so rapidly thither, that its settle- 
ments soon reached a point of great magnitude and importance. Its 
present population is estimated at upward of a million. The possession 
of the island by Great Britain is based upon the discoveries of Cap- 
tains Cook, Bass, Flinders, and others. 

2. Tasmania, or Van Diemen's Land, was discovered in 1842, bj r a 
Dutch navigator named Tasman, after whom it has been named. It 
was named by him Van Diemen's Land in honor of the governor of 
Batavia. Bass, in 1798, by sailing through the strait which bears his 
name, discovered it to be an island. The British for some time used 
it, as well as New South Wales, as a penal settlement; but, in 1825, it 
was made an independent colony, under the name of Tasmania. 
Norfolk Island, situated more than a thousand miles to the east of 
Australia, was made a British penal settlement in 1825 ; but it was 
broken up in 1855, and the island given to the inhabitants of Pitcairn's 
Island, 194 in number, the descendants of the mutineers of the ship 
Bounty. 

3. New Zealand. — This colony consists of three islands, two large 
and one much smaller, with a number of islets near the coasts. The 
group is situated in the South Pacific Ocean, about 1200 miles south- 
east of Australia, and contains nearly 100,000 square miles. It was 
discovered in 1642 by Tasman, and was visited several times by Cap- 
tain Cook, who explored the coasts in 1770. It was at first frequented 
by English and American whale-ships, attracted thither by the excel- 
lent shelter afforded by its numerous harbors, particularly in the Bay 
of Islands. Missionary enterprise began in 1814, and a British resi- 
dent, or consul, was appointed in 1833. The sovereignty of the 
islands was formally ceded to Great Britain by the native chiefs in 
1840. The unjust treatment of the Maories, or natives, brought on a 
series of fierce and bloody conflicts, which were not terminated 
until quite recently. 

AFRICAN. 

1. Cape Colony embraces an extensive region, the area of which 
is estimated to contain about 200,000 square miles. It derives its 



APPEXD1X. 2S7 



name from the Cape of Good Hope, at which the capital. Cape Town, 
is situated. It was for many years a dependency of the Dutch, by 
whom it was first settled in 1652. In 1795, it was taken by the Brit- 
ish, but restored by the treaty of Amiens (1802). In 1808 it was 
again captured by the British, and since then has remained in their 
possession. Fierce wars have been waged with the Kaffirs, or Caff re*, 
a native tribe of great courage and ferocity. From these was wrested, 
in 1847, a region called Caffraria, — which was recently annexed to 
Cape Colony. 

2. Natal, which was so called by the Portuguese because it was dis- 
covered on Christmas day (1498). It became a British colony in 1843. 
Its capital, Port Natal, contains the only good harbor on that coast. 
It is situated about eight hundred and fifty miles from Cape Town. 

3. Mauritius, an island about five hundred miles east of Mada- 
gascar, and containing more than seven hundred square miles, affords 
another important station for British vessels. It was discovered in 
1505 by the Portuguese, but received its name from the Dutch, in 
honor of Prince Maurice, who in 1644 formed a settlement upon it. 
In 1721 it was colonized by the French, by whom it was named 
"Isle of France." It was taken from them in 1810 by General Aber- 
crombie, and has since then bean occupied by the British. 

4. Amirante and Seychelle Islands, two groups of islets north 
of Madagascar Island, were captured from the French in 1794. 

5. St. Helena, a rocky islet in the South Atlantic, was discovered 
by the Portuguese in 1502; but afterward was occupied by the Dutch, 
from whom it was taken by the English in 1651. Its position in the 
direct line of the great ocean thoroughfare from Europe to the East 
has made it important as a stopping-place for vessels performing 
that long voyage. Its chief celebrity is derived from the exile of the 
Emperor Napoleon, who lived there from 1816 till his death in 1821. 
Ascension, another small solitary islet, situated on the Atlantic, 
about eight hundred miles to the north of St. Helena, has been occu- 
pied by the British since 1815. It was discovered by the Portuguese 
in 1501, on Ascension-day, from which circumstance it received its 
name. Tristan d'Acunha, a group of islands to the south of St. 
Helena, is also claimed by Great Britain, by whom a garrison was 
kept there during the banishment of Napoleon. 

6. Sierra Leone consists of a district about twenty-five miles in 
length by twelve miles in breadth. The colony was established in 
1787, for the purpose of providing a home for negroes rescued from 
the slave-traders. 

7. Gambia is a colony consisting of the island of St. Mary and 
town of Bathurst, at the mouth of the Gambia Iliver. It has a 



288 APPENDIX. 



flourishing trade. The Gold Coast in Western Africa is also claimed 
by Great Britain. 

NORTH AMERICAN. 

1. Canada. — This name was first applied to the region watered by 
the St. Lawrence, a river discovered by Cartier, in 1535. It is an 
Indian word, meaning " a collection of huts." The province was 
ceded by the French to Great Britain by the treaty of Paris, in 1763. 
It was afterward divided into the two provinces of Upper and Lower 
Canada, subsequently called Canada West and Canada East. These 
divisions are now designated, respectively, Ontario and Quebec, and 
constitute a part of the Dominion of Canada, which comprises, be- 
sides these, the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. 

2. Nova Scotia was colonized first by the French, under the name of 
Acadia, but ceded to the English by the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713. 
Gape Breton Island became a British possession by the capture of 
Louisburg, in 1758, during the French and Indian war. 

3. New Brunswick formed a part of Acadia, and was ceded to 
Great Britain by the treaty of Utrecht. 

4. Prince Edward's Island, formerly known as St. John's Island, 
was taken after the fall of Louisburg, in 1758. 

5. Newfoundland, discovered by the Cabots, in 1497, was formally 
taken possession of by Sir Humphrey Gilbert in 1583. Its valuable 
fisheries led to rival claims to it on the part of the French and Eng- 
lish. These were settled by the treaty of Utrecht, the island being 
wholly surrendered to the English. 

6. British Columbia and Vancouver's Island. — These regions 
formally constituted a portion of the Hudson's Ba}^ Company Terri- 
tory, a vast region embracing a large part of British America, chiefly 
valuable for the trade in furs. After the discovery of gold in the 
vicinity of the Fraser River, the region soon became quite populous, 
and was organized as a separate province (1865). 

7. Honduras, or Belize, forms the southeastern part of the penin- 
sula of Yucatan, and has an area of about 20,000 square miles. The 
claim of Great Britian to this region was formally sanctioned by 
Spain in 1783. 

8. The Bermudas, a group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean, were 
named after Bermudez, a Spaniard, by whom they were discovered in 
1527. The wreck, upon these islands, of a part of the expedition sent to 
Virginia in 1609, under Sir George Homers, led to their colonization. 
They are, on this account, sometimes called the Somen Islands. The 
group is said to contain about three hundred and sixty islets, sepa- 
rated by very narrow channels, and hence occupying but a small 



APPENDIX. 289 



space in the ocean, estimated at about one hundred square miles. 
Five only of these islands are of any considerable size. 

WEST INDIAN. 

1. Jamaica, discovered by Columbus in 1494, was colonized by the 
Spaniards in 1509, and held by them till its conquest by Admirals 
Penn and V enables in 1655 ; since which time it has been under the 
government of Great Britain. 

2. Trinidad, a considerable island (fifty miles by thirty), near the 
northern coast of South America, opposite one of the mouths of the 
Orinoco river, was discovered by Columbus in 1498, and colon- 
ized by the Spaniards in 1588. It was taken by the British in 1797. 

3. Besides these two large islands the British possess several other 
smaller ones belonging to the West Indies ; as follows : Barbadoes, 
St. Vincent, Tobago, Grenada, St. Lucia, Dominica, Montserrat, Anti- 
gua, St. Kitts, JSevis, Anguilla, and the Virgin Islands. The Bahama 
Islands have been occupied by them since 1629. 

SOUTH AMERICAN. 

1. British Guiana was colonized at first by the Dutch, but fell into 
the possession of the British in 1 781, being taken by Sir George Rod- 
ney. It was, however, restored in 1783, but again captured in 1796, 
and again restored by the treaty of Amiens in 1802. The next year, 
on the breaking out of the war, it was once more captured, and since 
then has remained a British dependency. 

2. The Falkland Islands were discovered by Davis in 1592, but 
did not receive their present name till 1690, when they were visited 
by Captain Strong, an English navigator. Settlements were after- 
ward made on them by the French and Spaniards as well as the 
English ; but since 1771 they have formed a part of the British Em- 
pire. No permanent settlement was made till 1831, and their popu- 
lation at the present time is only about seven hundred. They con- 
stitute the most southerly of the organized colonies of Great Britain. 
Great Britain also claims, in addition to the various possessions 
mentioned above, the Cogos, or Keeling Islands, in the Indian Ocean ; 
Perim, in the Red Sea, and Karak, in the Persian Gulf. Great Feejee, 
the largest of the Feejee Islands, in the Pacific Ocean, was a few 
years ago ceded to Great Britain by the native king. 

The whole extent of this vast empire embraces a little over eight 
millions of square miles, and contains a population of nearly two 
hundred and twenty millions. 

13 



INDEX. 



A. PAGE 

Ab-er-crom'bie, Sir Ralph 239 

A'bra-ham, Plains of 225 

Ab-ys-sin'i-a 271 

A-ca'di-a 285 

Acre (a' Jeer) 77, 23S 

Act of Security 206 

Act of Supremacy 145 

Act of Uniformity 146, 186 

Act of Union ,... 207 

Ad'ams, John 234 

Ad'ding-ton, Henry 241 

Ad'di-son 208 

A'den 2S4 

A'dri-an, Emperor 18 

A'dri-an VI., Pope 132, 133 

Aetius (a-e'she-us) 19 

Af-ghan-is-tan' 263 

Age of Reason, Paine's 250 

Ag'in-court (aj-), Battle of 110 

A-gric'o-la, Julius 17, 18 

Agriculture 103, 121, 156, 252 

Aix-la-Chapelle (aJees-lali-sha-peV), 

Treaty of 225, 228 

Albany, Duke of 224 (note) 

Al-be-marle', Duke of 185, 188 

Al-be-ro'ni, Cardinal 220 

Ai'bert, Prince 262, 266, 271 , 272 

Al'bi-on 10, 13 

Alcuin (al'Jewin) 26 

Al-ex-an'der, Czar of Russia 268 

Alexander III., of Scotland 87 

Al-ex-an'dri-a 237, 239 

Al'fred 9, 30, 31 

Alice Lisle (lile> 195 

Al'ma, Battle of 266 

American Colonies. . . . 209, 210, 223, 231 

American Revolution 233, 250 

American Settlements 181 

Ain'i-ens, Treaty of 240, 241 

Am-i-ran'te 2S5 

A-rnoy' 263 

Analogy of Religion, Butler's 229 

An'gles 23, 25 

An'gle-sey 16 

Anglo-Saxon Language 8 

Anglo-Saxons 49, 50, 51 

Anjou {ahn'joo) 65 

An'laf 38 

Anne As'cue" 138 

Anne Boleyn (bul'en) . . 133, 134, 135, 136 

Anne of Cleves - 137 

Aune, Wife of Richard III Ill, 119 

Anne, Queen 193, 197,205 

An'selm 60, 61 

An'son, Commodore 222 

An-to-ni'nus 18 

Ant'werp .^ 154 

A'quse-So'lis '. 8 

Ar-a-bel'la Stuart 160 



PAGE 

Ar'a-can 258 

Ar-ca'di-a 153 

Arch-an'gel 145, 154 

Architecture 76, 123 

Ar'cot 228 

Ar'gyle- - ■ ■ 186, 194, 219 

Ark' wright, Sir Richard 253 

Aries (art) 21 

Ar'ling-ton, Lord 211 (note) 

Ar-ma'da, Spanish 147, 156 

Ar-mor'i-ca 24 

Arne, Dr. Thomas Augustine 255 

Arthur, King 24 

Arthur, Prince 79, 80, 129 

Arts 76, 253, 274 

As'ca-lon 77, 78 

As'pern, Battle of 244 

Ascension Island 

As-tra-chan' (-Jean) 155 

Astrology 10 1 

Astronomy 104 

Ath'el-stan 35 

Attainder, Bill of 140 (note), 169 

At'ti-la , 20 

Augustan Age of England 208 

Au-gus'tus 16 

Aulu s Plautius ( plau' she-us) 16 

Au-rung-zebe' 228 

Aus-tra'li-a 285 

Aus'tri-a 222, 223, 237, 241, 244, 247 

Austrian Succession, War of. 223 

Ay'mer de Valence (vaJi-lons') 90 

re. 

Bacon, Lord 152, 163 

Bacon, Roger 90, 104 

Bacon, Sir Nicholas 145 

Backgammon 51 

Ba-ha'ma Islands 285 

Bal-ak-la' va 267 

Ba'li-ol, Edward 95 

Baliol, John 87, 88,89 

Ban'nock-burn, Battle of 92 

Bar-ba'does 187 

Bar'ba-ry Powers 183 

Bar-ce-lo'na 206 

Bards 15 

Barebone's Parliament 1«2 

Bar'net, Battle of 117 

Bath 10 

Battle of the Books, Swift's 230 

Battle of the Spurs 130 

Beaufort (bo'furt), Duke of 188 

Beaumont (bo'mont) & Fletcher 215 

Bede : 26 

Bed'ford, Duke of Ill, 112 

Beggars' Opera. . 255 

Belgium , 246 



2j2 



LOTEX. 



PA«E 

Bell, Henry 252 

Bengal (be n-gaicl') 229 

Ben Jonson 153, 214 

Benr'lev, Richard : . . . 230 

Berkeley Castle 94 (note) 

Ber'lin.. 242 

Ber-mu'da Islands 285 

Bernicia (ber-nish'e-a) 8. 23 

Berwick (ber'rik) 7. 92. 93 

Bible 21, 164 

Bill of Rights 198 

Bir'ming-ham 211 

B ack Hole of Calcutta 229 

Black- etter 118, 122 

Bla'dud, King 10 

B.air, Robert 230 

Blake, Admiral 180, 1S1, 182 

Blenheim (blen'nimc). Battle of 205 

Blou-del' : 79 

Bloody Assize . 195 

Bluciier (bloo'ker). General 240 

Boadicea {bo-ah-dis'e-ah), Queen IT 

Board of Trade 2 ! 1 

Bolingbroke (bitt'ing-bruk) 208 

Bo'mar-sund 366 

Bom-bay / 211 

Bo'na-parte. Napoleon 237, 238. 241, 

242, 244, 246, 247 

Bonaparte. Joseph 242 

Bonner, Bishop 142. 143 

Books 104,214 

Bos-caw'en. Admiral 226 

Boston.... 232 

Boston Port Bill 232 

Bos' worth. Battle of . 120, 128 

Both'well. Earl of 149 

Bo vie 214 

Boyne, Bat ; le of the 202 

Braddock. General 225 

Bradshaw, John 178,179,186 

Brazil [brali-zeel') 242, 252 

Bret'wal-da 23 

Bridgewater, Duke of 254 

Brindley, James 254 

Bristol 176, 211 • 

Britain ... 22 

Bri-tan'ni-a 7, 13 

British Constitution 279 

British Empire 283 

British Isles 7 

Britons 14,16,19 

Brit'ta-ny 24. 76 

Brougham (broo'am), Lord 257 

Bruce, Robert 87, 88, 89, 91, 92 

Brunswick, Duke of 219 

B unswick, House of 219 

Brus'sels 249 

Bru'tus 10 

Bu-chan'an. George 1(50 

Buck'ing-ham. Duke of.... 119, 162, 163. 

164, 165, 166, 213 

Buckle 274 

Bul'wer 274 

Bunker Hill, Battle of 233 

Bnrleigh, Lord 146,157 

Burmah 258. 2(56 

Bunne e War 266 

Bun'yan, John 194 

Bur-goyne', General 234 



PW4E 

Bur'eundr. Duchess of 127, 128 

Burke. Edmund. 233, 236, 250 

Barney, Dr. Charles 255 

Barney, Francis 255 mote) 

Burns 256 

Bu-?a'co. Battle of 244 

Bushire {boo-sheer') 271 

Bute. Earl of , 230, 231 

Butler. Bishop 229 

Butler. Samuel 194, 209 

Bvmr. Admiral 207,220 

By'ron, Lord 256,258 



C. 



Ca-bal', The 189 

Cabinet 2*0 

Cab'ots 1-29 

Cabul (ka boo!.') 263 

Csedmon (ktd'mon) 27 

Caf-fra'ri-a 285 

Cae'sar. Julius 9, 14 

Caffre (kqf'fir) War 266 

Cairo (ki'ro) 237, 239 

Calais (kal'is) 96, 144 

("ape Bret'on 285 

Cape Colony 285 

Cape Town 285 

Cal-cut'ta 228, 229 

Cal-e-do'ni-a 7, 17 

Cam'bri-a 24 

Campbell, sir Archibald 258 

Campbell, Sir Col'in 269 

Cam'e-ron of Lochiel do-keel') 224 

Can'a-da 225, 234, 261 

Canal Navigation 254 

Cannes {Jean) 246 

Canning, George 243, 258, 259 

Cannon 95, 96 

Canrobert {kan-ro-bare') 268 

Can-ton' 263, 270 

Can-ute' 40, 41 

Car'a-doc, or Ca-rac'ta-cus 16 

pa-rau'si-us(-sfe-tts) 18 

Car'diff 62 

Car'di-iran. Earl of 267 

Car'is-brook Castle 177 

Car-lyle' 274 

Car-nat'ic 228, 229, 236 

Car'o-line of Brunswick 257 

Caroline. Queen 221 

Carpets 213 

Carr, Robert 162 

Car'rick-fer'guts 202 

Car-tha-ge'na 222 

Cartier (kar-te-a f ) 

Castlereagh (kas'sel-ra), Lord 257 

Cae-wal'lon, or Cas-si vedan'nus. 11, 14 
Cath'a-rine of Ar'a-gon.110, 119, 130.133 

Catharine of Bra-<rau'za 18? 

Catharine Howard 137 

Catharine Parr 138 

Catholic Association 259 

Catholic Disabilities 241 

Catholic Emancipation 259 

Catholic Relief Bill 251 

Catholics. 152. 161, 173, 191, 195, 200, 210 

(ato Street Conspiracy 257 

Cavaliers * 171, 208, 209 



INDEX. 



293 



PAGE 

Cawn'pore 269 

Caxton. William 118 

Cecil (ses'il), Sir William 145 

Censorship of the Press 212 

Cer'rtic 26 

Cey-lon (see' Ion) 284 

Chancellor, Lord 282 

Chancery. Court of 282 

Channel Islands 283 

Charles I. of England 165, 213 

Charles II. of England 179. 185 

Charles V. of France 94, 99 

Charles VI. of France 110, 111 

Charles VII. of France Ill, 112 

Charles V. of Germany 131 

Charles VI. of Germany 2>2 

Charles II. of Spain 204 

Charles XII. of Sweden 220 

Charles, Archduke of Austria 244 

Charles Edward, the Pretender... . 224 

Charleston 232 

Charlotte, Queen 230, 249 

Chartists 262,265 

Chat'ham, Earl of. 226, 230, 232, 233, 234 

Chaucer (chaw'ser) 99, 101. 104 

Chemistry 255 

Cherbourg (sher'bvrg) 226 

Chevalier de St. George 2u7 

Chev'y Chase 108 

China 263, 270, 271 

Chinese War 270 

Chivalry 66 

Christianity 21, 25, 74, 273 

Christ Church. Oxford 139 

Church of England 185 

Church. Irish 271 

Churchill. Lord 197 

Cin'tra, ; Convention of 243 

Clarence, Duke of 117, 118 

Clar'en-don, Earl of 185, 189, 214 

Clau'di-us 16 

Clement VII., Pope 133 

Clergy 250 

Clive, Lord 228,230 

Clon'tarf, Battle of 74 

Cloth 156,210.212 

Cob'bett, William 248, 250 

Cob'den, Richard 262 

Cobham, Lord 110, 160, 161 

Cod'ring-ton, Sir William 268 

Coffee 211 

Coffee Houses 199 

Coinage 212 

Coke, Sir Edward 160, 165 

Cole'ridge 256 

Colonies, American.. 209,210,223,231, 

234 

Co-lum'bi-a, British 285 

Co-lum'bus.r 129, 154 

Commerce 90, 129, 154, 210, 252 

Common Law 282 

Common Praver, Book of 140, 186 

Commons, House of. 85, 89, 102, 109, 165 

Commonwealth, English 179 

Com-pur-ga'tors 50 

Con'stan-tine 18 

Con-stan'ti-us (she-us) 18 

Constitution, British 279 

Constitutions of Clarendon 72 



PAGE 

Consuls 120 

Coote, Sir Eyre (ire) 229, 236 

Cope, Sir John 224 

Co-pen-ha'gen 242 

Corn Laws 248, 263 

Oorn-wal'lis, Lord 234, 235 

Corporation Act 186 

Co-rnn'na, Battle of. 243 

Costume 103 

Cotton 252 

Cotton Manufacture 212, 253 

Countei blaste to Tobacco 211 

Court of High Commission 153 

Court of Star Chamber. . . . 153, 167, 170 

Covenant of Scotland 168, 174 

Covenanters 176, 180 

Cov'er-dale, Miles 138 

Cow'ley, Abraham 214 

Cow'per 256 

Cranmer, Thomas 135, 139, 140, 142, 144 

Crecy (Teres' se), Battle of 95 

Cri-nie'a 266 

Cri-me'an War 265 

Criminal Law 272 

Cromwell, Henry 184 

Cromwell, (Minister to Henry VIII.) 137 

Cromwell, Oliver. . 166. (note), 174, 175, 

176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 186 

Cromwell, Richard 184 

Cronstadt 266 

Crusades 60,77,85 

Cul-lo'den, Battle of 224 

Cum'ber-land 42, 59 

Cumberland, Duke of. 223, 224, 226 

Cum'bri-a 24' 

Curfew 57 

Cur'ran 239 

Customs 154 

Cym'be-line 11 

». 

Dal-hou'sie, Lord 269 

Damme (dam) 81 

Dam-no'ni-a 24 

Dane'geld 39, 44 

Dane'lagh 33 

Danes 28, 30, 31, 33, 36, 38, 40, 70 

Darn'ley, Lord 148 

Davenant, Sir William 214 

David Bruce of Scotland 95, 96 

David of Wales 86 

Davis 154 

Davy, Sir Humphrey 255 

Deal 14 

Death Penalty 273 

De-ca'tur, Commodore 245 

Declaration of Right 198 

Defender of the Faith 132 

Defoe, Daniel 229 

De-i'ra - 8, 23 

Del'a-ware, Lord 161 

Delhi (del'le) 228, 269 

Denmark 188, 235, 240, 242 

De Quincey 274 

Derby, Countess of. 181 

De Ruyter (ri'ter) 181, 187, 183 

Der' wentwater, Earl of. 129 

Des'bor-ough 139 



•2 94 



IXDEX. 



PAGE 

Det'ticg-en, Battle of 223 

De'va 8 

DeWitt, John 189 

Dickens 274 

Dieskau (de-es-ke/) 225 

Di-o-cle'ti-an (-*he-an) 18, 21 

Directory of France 237 

Dod'dridge 251 

Donies'day Book 58, 71 

Dorset, Marquis of 120 

Do'ver 45 

Drake. Sir Francis 147 

Drama 123. 215 

Dress 68, 69. 103, 157 

Diu'idisrn 15 

Druids 10, 15. 16 

Drv'den 194 

Dub'lin 240 

Dun bar, Battles of 89, 180 

Dun'can. Admiral 237 

Dun-dee'. Yiscount ' 200 

Dun'kirk 183. 187 

Duns'tan 36, .37, 38 

DuQuesne (kane). Fort 225 

Dur'ham. 96 

Dutch. The... 154, 181, 182, 188. 190, 210. 

211, 228. 235 

Dutch Republic 181 

K. 

East Anslia 8. 23. 28, 32. 41 

Fast India Company.. 161, 236, 269, 270 

Fast Indies 210. 252 

E-bor'a-curn 8, 20 

Fck'muhl. Battle of 244 

Ed'gar 37 

Edgar Ath'e-ling 46, 48, 54, 56. 62 

Edcrehill. Batile of 173 

Edinburgh (eel' in-bur-ro). . . 76. 139, 168 
179, 180, 224 

E'dith 44 

Edmund Ironside 40 

Edmund, King of East Anglia 31 

Edmund Mortimer 108 

Ed'red 36 

Ed'ric. Duke of Mercia 41 

Education 122. 273 

Edward 1 86 

Edward II. (of Caer-nar'von) 87, 91 

Edward 1TI 94 

Edward IV 115. 116 

Edward V 118 

Edward XI 139 

Edward, the Black Pr)nce. . . . 96, 97, 98 

Edward the Confessor 44 

Edward the Elcier 34 

Edward the Martyr 38 

Edward the Outlaw 46 

Edward. Prince 85 

Ed'wv 36 

Eg'bert 26, 28 

Egypt 237. 23!) 

Ei'oa. Island of 245. 2 hi 

Eleanor, Queen (of Henry II.) 65. 75. 78 

Eleanor. Queen (of Henry 111.) 83 

Lions 198 

tive Fracchise 260. 271 

El' ctric Tel graph ,'. i 

El.rida yc. '// e'-dah) 37. 38 



PAGE 

El'ein (el'ghin), Lord 271 

El'gi-va 36. 37 

E/i-ot, Sir John. , 165, 167 

Elixir of Life 122 

Elizabeth (Plantagenet) 119, 126 

Elizabeth, Queen. 136. 143, 145, 155, 15'i 

El-len-bor'ough, Lord 263 

El'li-ot. Captain 263 

Emma. Queen 39, 42, 43, 45 

Emmet. Robert 240 

Empson & Dudley 129, 130 

England 7, 26. 59 

English Bible 138, 164 

English Church 135 

English Justinian (Edward I.) 90 

En-lish Lan-uage 104.122, 157 

English Literature 95, 104. 152, 193, 

194, 214, 229. 256, 274 

English Reformation 135, 139 

Enyli>h Republic 180 

En-nis-kilien 201 

Episcopacy 200 

Equity, LaVs of 282 

E-ras'ruus 157 

Essex 8, 23 

Essex. Counters of 162 

Essex. Earl of . . . . 151. 153. 173, 175, 193 

Eth'el-bald 30 

Eth'el-bert 30 

Etheibert. King of Kent 24, 25 

Eth-el-fle'da 35 

Eth' el-red I..... 31 

Ethelred II 38 

Eth'el-wold 34 

Eth'el-wolf 30 

E'ton College 116 

Eugene. Prince 205 (note) 

Eu'stace, Count of Boulogne 45 

Eves'ham. Battle of 85 

Exchequer, closing of by Charles n. 190 
Eylau (i'low), Battle of 242 



F. 

Faerie Queen, Spencer's 152 

Fairlax, Lord 174 

Fairfax, Sir Thomas 175, 176 

Falkland (fawk'land) Islands 284 

Falkland, Lord 173 

Falkirk (fawl'kirk), Battle of. 89 

Family Compact 230 

Fel'ton 166 

Feudal Castles 66. 123 

Feudal System 58, 65, 118, 121, 185 

Field of Cloth of Gold 132 

Fine Arts 254 

Fire of London 188 

Fi>her, Bishop 235 

Fisheries 122 

Flam'i-teed 211 

Flanders 134. 203. 205, 206, 212. 223 

FkVvi-a Ca-sar'i-en-siH 7 

Fiod'den Field, Batt.e of 131 

Plying Coach 212 

Fontenoy (fon-ta-nwa/i'), Battle of. 

Fotb'er-in-gay Castle lis note. 150 

Fox. Charles 233, 24^. ! 

Fox. Ueorue 'M'J 



INDEX. 



295 



PAGE 

France. .. 95, 156, 165, 190, 202, 203, 225, 
234, 235, 237, 240, 241 

Franchise, Elective 260, 271 

Francis I. of France 131, 133 

Francis II. of France 140 

Frank'fort 146 

Franklins 65 

Frederick the Great 225 

Frederick (son of Geonre II.) 227 

Frederick William (of Prussia) 272 

French 228, 230 

French Convention 237 

French Revolution 237, 250 

Fried'land, Battle of 242 

Fro'bish-er, Martin 147, 154 

Fuller, Thomas 214 

Fulton, Robert 252 (note) 

Furniture 123 

G. 

Gam'hi-a 287 

Gam'bi-er, Admiral 242 

Gar'di-ner, Bishop 139, 142, 143 

Gas'coigne (-koin), Chief Justice 110 

Gates, General 234 

Gaul 14 

Gav'is-ton 91 

Gay, John 255 

Gen-e' va 146 

Geoffrey (jef're) of Monmouth. . . 10, 69 

Geoffrey (son of Henry II.) 75, 76 

Geology 256 

George I 219 

George II 221 

George III 230, 255 

George IV 256 

George, Prince of Denmark.. . 193, 197 

205 (note) 

George, Lake 225 

Georgia 222 

Georg'i-uni riidus 255 

Germany 226 

Ghent, Treaty of 246 

Gibbon 256 

Gibraltar (jib-rawl 1 'te?') 205,235 

Gibraltar of America 223 

Gil'cias 27 

Glass 103, 156, 212 

Glen'coe, Massacre of 200 

Gloucester {glos'ter), Duke of.. 113, 117 

Gloucester, Earl of 84 

God' win, Earl 43,44, 45,46 

Gold Coast 285 

Gor'don, Lady Catharine 128 

Gordon. Lord George 251 

Gordon Riots 251 

Goldsmith 256 

Goths :. 19 

Gow'er '. 99 

Go'zo 284 

Gra'ham of Claverhouse 200 

Gram'pi-an Hills 17 

Grand Alliance 204, 205 

Grat'tan 239 

Grave, The, by Robert Blair -J30 

Gray 256 

Gray, Elizabeth 116 

Great Commoner, The 230 

Greece 258 



PAGE 

Greenhouses 252 

Greenland 211 

Greenwich Hospital 208 

Greg'o-ry, Pope 25 

Gren'viile, George 231 

Grey, Earl 259 

Grey, Lady Jane 141, 142, 143, 157 

Grey, Lord 160, 161 

Grouchy (groo'she). Marshal 247 

Guernsey (ghem'ze) Island 181 

Guiana (ghe-ah'nah) 162 

Guienne [ghe-en') 65, 88 

Guilford Dudley, Lord 141, 142 

Guinea (ghin'e) 210 

Guise (gweez), Duke of 144 

Guise, Mary of 137 

Gulliver's Travels 229 

Gunpowder 90, 96 

Gunpowder Plot 161 

Gurth 48 

Guth'ram 32 

Guy Fawkes {ghifawks) 161 

H. 

Ha'be-as Corpus Act 192 

Hale, Sir Matthew . .• 194 

Halidown Hill, Battle of 95 

Halley 214 

Hampden, John... 171, 172, 173, 192, 193 

Handel, George Frederick 255 

Hanover. . 219, 220, 221, 225, 226, 257, 261 

Hanse Towns 155 

Har'di-can-ute' 43, 44 

Har'fieur 110 

Har'greaves, James 253 

Harold I. (Harefoot) 43 

Harold II 45, 46, 48 

Harold Hardrada 48 

Harry Percy (Hotspur) 108 

Harvey 214 

Hastings, Battle of 49 

Hastings the Dane 33 

Hastings, Lord 118 

Hastings, Warren 225 

Ha-va'na 231 

Hav'e-lock, General 269 

Ilawke, Admiral 226 

Haw'kins, Admiral 147 

Heb'ri-des 8 

Hel'i-go-land 283 

Hen'ghist and Horsa 20, 22 

Henrietta Maria 164, 165 

Henry 1 61 

Henry II 64, 71 

Henry III 83 

Henry IV 108 

Henry V 109 

Henry VI Ill, 115, 116 

Henry VII 126 

Henry VIII 130, 157 

Henry IV., of France 151 

Henry V., of Germany 63 

Henry, Cardinal of York 255 (note) 

Henry, Duke of Lancaster 101 

Henry Howard. Earl of Surrey. 138, 139 

Henry of Huntington 69 

Henry (son of Henry II.) 75, 76 

Henry (son of William I.) 58, 59 



?96 



IXDEX. 



PAGE 

Henry Stuart 148, 165 (note) 

Henry Tudor 119 

Hep'tar-chy 28, 26 

He'r'rick. Robert 214 

Herschel. Caroline 255 (note) 

Herschel. Sir William 255 

Hew'son. Colonel 209 

Hey 'wood. John 15S 

Hi-her'ni-a 8. 74 

Highlanders 200. 224 

Highlands 200 

Hin-doo-stan' 263. 284 

Ho'i:arth. William 254 

Holland. . .... 150. 165, 187, 189, 204, 235 

Holy Living and Hying 214 

Hong Kong 

Hooper. Bishop 143 

Hooke 214 

Horticulture 103. 156 

House of Commons. . . . 85. 89. 102. 109, 
249, 279. 280 

House of Keys 2S3 

House of Lords 279, 280 

Houses 156 

Howard, Lord 147 

Howard. William, Viscount Stafford 191 

Howe, General 233 

Howe, Lord 2:33, 237 

Hu'bert de Burgh S3 

Hu'ui-bras 194, 209 

Huguenots (Jiu' ghe-nots) 165. 166 

Hull 136. 172 

Hull. Captain 245 

Hume 256 

Humphrey, the Good Duke 113 

Hungarians 222 

Huns 20 

Hunt. Henry 248 

Hunter, John 256 

Hutchinson. General 239 

Hyde. Ann 185 

Hvde. Sir Edward 185 

Hy'der Ali {ah'le) 236 

I. 

Independents 168, 173, 175, 176. 209 

India 227, 270 

Indian Mutiny 269 

In'i-go Jones 213 

Ink'tr-man. Battle of 267 

Innocent III., Pope 80 

Interludes 158 

In-ver-ness' 221 

Invincible Armada 147 

Ireland. .. 7. 8. 74. 93. 128. 151. 170. 179. 
180, 200, 238, 240, 257. 260. 265 

Ire'ton 179, 180, 186 

Irish Church 271 

Irish Coercion Bill 260 

Iron Manufacture 253 

Ir-ra-wad'dv {-ivod-) River 258 

Isabella, Queen 93, 94, 95 

J. 

Jackson, General 246 

Jack Cade 114 

Jack Straw 100 

Jac'o-bites 203, 219 

Jaffa 238 



PAGE 

Ja-mai'ca 238 

James. Duke of York 185,187 

James I 160. 210. 211 

James n 194,198.201.204 

James the Pretender 207. 219. 220 

James I., of Scotland Ill 

James IT., of Scotland 128 

James V.. of Scotland 137 

James YIIL, of Scotland 224 

Jamestown 161 

Jane Seymour 136 

Ja-pau'.' 271 

Java ijah'vah) 211 

Jeffri es. Judge 195 

Je'na. Battled 241 

Jen'ner. Edward 256 

Jer'sew Isle of 9.181 

Je-ru'sa-leni 60, 77 

Jews 77, 87 

Joan of Arc 112 

John of France 97. 93 

John of Gaunt 99, 101 

John. Earl of Lincoln 127 

John. King (Lackland) 76. 79. 80 

Johnson. General 225 

Johnson. Samuel 256 

Jones. Inigo 213 

Jones. John Paul 235 

Judicial Combat 68 

Ju'dith 30 

Jutes 24 

K. 

Kan'dy 284 

Ken'dail. Duchess of 221 (note) 

Ken'il-worth Castle 94 (note). 157 

Kent 8. 22. 23. 25 

Kil- ie-crank'it- . Battle of 2(0 

Kim'bol-ton. Lord 171 

King's College 116 

King's Evil 47 

Kin-sale' 201 

Kirke's Lambs 195 

Knighthood 66 

Knights of St. John 283 

Knights of the Round Table 24 

Knights' Service 185 

Knox, John 148 

Lab'uan (lab'oo-an) 285 

La Hogue (hog), Battle of 202. 208 

Lambert. Simnel 12: 

Lan'eas-ter. Earl of 91 

Lan-franc' 56, 59. 60 

Lang'ton. Stephen 80. 81 

Lat'i-mer. Bishop 139. 144 

Latimer. Lord ' 

Laud. Archbishop 167. 169. 176 

Lear. King 10 

Learning 73. 104. 122. 157 

Leeds. 211 

Leicester (les'ler), E«l of. . . 84, 85. 150. 
^ 151. 157 

Leicester Abbev lot 

Leipsic tfipe'sik), Battle of 

Lent'liall 172 

Leo X., Pope 132 

Le'o-Mc , 3^ 



INDEX. 



297 



PAGE 

Le'olf 36 

Leslie. Earl of Leven 174 

Le-vant' 210, 264 

Lew'es, Battle of 84 

Lexington, Battle of 233 

Liberty of the Press 212 

Light Brigade, Charge of 267 

Ligny (lem'ye), Battle of 247 

Lil-le-bu-le'ro 196 

Limoges {le-mozhe') 98 

Lin'de-sey, Earl of. 166, 173 

Lin'dum 8 

Lis'bon. 242 

Literature, English. . . . 95, 104, 152. 193, 
194, 214, 229, 256, 274 

Liverpool ... 211 

Llew-el'lvn 86 

Lochiel (loch-eel'), Cameron of. 224 

Lochlev'in Castle 149 (note) 

Locke, John 194 

Locomotive 254 

Lollards 108, 110 

Lombard Merchants 122 

Lombe, Mr 253 

Lon-din'i-um 8 

London 11, 17, 51, 61,211 

London Bridge 61 

Londonderry 201 

Long Parliament 167,212 

Lords, House of 179 

Lords, Spiritual 279 

Lords, Temporal 279 

Louis VII. of France 75 

Louis IX. of France '84, 85 

Louis XI. of France 116 

Louis XII. of Fiance 130 

Louis XIV. of France 187, 189, 197, 

2U1 219 

Louis XV. of France '222 

Louis XVIII. of France 145, 246 

Louis Philip (or loo' e fe-leep') 2(i5 

Louisburg 223, 225 

Lov'at, Lord 225 

Luck-now' 269 

Lud'gate 11 

Luther, Martin 132 

OT. 

Ma-cau'lay 274 

Mclan, Cnief of the McDonalds .... 200 

Mad-ras' 211, 229 

Mad-rid' 245 

Mag'da-la 271 

Ma-gel'lan 154 

Magna Charta. ... 81, 33, 84, 90, 102, 166 

Maine 58, 64 

Ma-lac'ca 284 

Mal'a-koff " 26S 

Mal'colm, King of Scotland. . . 42, 56, 59 
Malplaquet (mal-plah'ka), Battle of. 206 

Malta (mawl'tah) , 283 

Mani'e-lukes 237 

Man, Isle of. 4 181, 283 

Manchester 211, 248 

Manchester, Earl of 175 

Man'de-ville, Sir John . . -. 99 

Mansfield, Lord 251 



PAGE 

Manufactures 156, 312 

Mar, Earl of 219 

Marblehead 232 

Margaret of Anjou. . . . 113, 115, 110, 117 

Maria Theresa (te-?'e'zah) 222, 225 

Marl'bor-ough, Duke of.. . 197, 202, 205 
(note), 206 (note) 

Marlborough, Lady 205 (note), 208 

Marmont, (marmbng') General 245 

Marston Moor, Battle of 174 

Mary, Queen 141 , 157 

Mary, Queen of Scots. . . . 137. 148. 149, 
150, 157 (note) 

Mary of Guise 137 

Mary of Mo'de-na 191 

Mary, Wife of William of Orange. . 203, 

208 

Marvland 210 

Mas'ham, Mrs 203 

Mas-sa-chu'setts 168, 209 

Massacre of Glencoe 200 

Mas-se'na, General 244 

M as'sin-ger, Philip 215 

Matilda 62, 64 

Matthews, Admiral 223 

Maude the Good 61 

Mauri rius {mau-rish'e-us) 287 

Maxima Cae-sar'i-en-sis 7 

Max-i-mil'i-an, Emperor 130, 131 

Meagher, Thomas Francis 265 

Medical Science 156 

Mee'rut 269 

Mehemet Ali {ma' he-met ah'le) 264 

Melbourne (mel'burn), Lord 260 

Men'? chi-koft', Prince 266 

Mer'ci-a {-she-ah) 8, 23, 28, 41 

Mee-si'ah, Handel's 255 

Methodisrs 251 

Mezzotint {metz'o-tint) 213 

Middle English 104, 157 

Middlesex 8, 23 

Milton 193 

Min'den, Battle of 226 

Minstrel, Dress of 69 

Mints, Establishment of 51 

Miracle Plays 123 

Missionary Enterprises 273 

Mis-so-lon'ghi 258 

Mitchell, John 265 

Mol-da'vi-a 266 

Monasteries. Destruction of 136 

Monck'ton, Colonel 225 

Monk, General 180, 184, 185 

Monmouth, Duke of 192, 194 

Montcalm {mont-kam'), Marquis of. 225 

Mon-trose', Earl of 176 

Moore, Sir John 243 

Moral Plays 123 

Mordaunt, Charles 206 (note) 

More, Sir Thomas 134, 135 

Morrison, General 258 

Mortimer, Edmund 103, 108 

Mortimer, Roger 93, 94, 95 

Murray, Regent of Scotland 149 

Music 255 

Mutiny of the Scottish Troops 179 

Mutiny Bill 199 

Mysteries 123 



13 



* 



29 S 



OTDEX. 



7_. SB 

> l--s i , 961 

Nantes a b 

Ni Sh - ;-r« 263.264.266 

Napier. Sir Robert 271 

_ : :."?:: '■'•■ i'.liam 2 

ole-on Bonaparte 237,238, 241 242, 

:46. 247 

- -. Banle of 176 

s id.. am 

National Debt 204 (nor- - 241 

nation 154. 210. 252 

.Ration Law* 181. 265 

rino inaJi-rah-r€no<. Battle of. 258 
- 129.146.155.198 

> daon. Lord 237. 238. 240, 24i 

H ma Sahib \$ah-€tt/) 269 

:■ 16 

Netherlands. .. .... 147. 156. 189 

Neville's Cross. Banle of 96 

Newark 176 

1 ^ury. Battle of :7i . 115 

1 Brunswick 288 

> -' r : * 

Newcastle, M rquis of. 174 

I _ sad 165.168.181 

37,58, 60.61 

Ne found-land 288 

New H aertands 181 

•: leans, Battle of 246 

New Tro-r 10 

New York 232. 234 

1 - 199. 212 

a, Sij Esaac 21- 221 

3, -Z5T i 

Ni _ iitingale. Florence 269 

S Djnrors 2li0 

folk 8. 23 

Ik Island 

lir.tiy 33,41 " S 58 

N rmans" 

I -America... 12 141 181 - 

Northampton. Battle of 114 

1 : a Briton 231 

: h. Lord 232 

Northmen 28, .o 

Northumberland. Dake of 141 142 

North umber.and. Earl of 1U9 

N : iombria S. 23. 28. 31. 32. 41 

' _ - 

Norwich > nor'ridge} I 

K : ring-ham, Countess of.. . 152 (note) 
Nova Scoria 225 

O. 

O'Brien. William Smith 265 

O'Connell. Daniel 259. 260. 264 

O'do 51 

O'srle-thorpe. General 232 

Oil-cloth - - 

O'iaf 38, 39. 41 

Oransemen 23* 

Ordeal, ihe Great 

OrdeaL Saxon 68 

Orknev Isles 8 

Orleans 111. 112 

Orleans, Duchesi of 190 



Pag? 

Orthography. English 122 

O-'so-ry. Lord 211 n 

Os-to'ri-as 

Otho. Prince of Bavaria 296 

'.'- :.--': :::: : - 

Ot'way 

Our e 269 

Ou'de-nar-de. Battle of 206 

Orerbury, Sir Thomas 162 

Owen Glen-dow'er 109 

Oxford 17E 

Oxford, University of 34 

P. 

Paine. Thomas 250 

Painters 254 

Pakenham » pafri-<tm\ General . 

PaTes-tine ! - 

Palmerston (pamfer- Lead 

; Paradise! Bt, Hilton's 

Pir- 

Paris. Trearv of 2S: i 

Parker. Sir Hvde 240 

Parliamet K *1. 93. 102. 122. 143. 

353. 1K3. 138. 8B7, 249. 271. 2T> 
Parliamentary Reform 25V. i i . 

an, 273 

£-":-_• •• :".:.\— . . i\~i 

Paul. Emperor of Rusr la i 

Pa'vi-a. Battle of. 133 

Paxton. Sir Joseph - 

Peel. Sir Robert 265. 266 

Peers of the Realm 279 

: -.--_-.■ --.-..- •;- . -;--i 

Pekin 271 

Pelissier (pa-il - Seneral 268 

Pembroke. Earl of K 

Pe-nang' 

Peninsular War 243 

Penn. Admiral IS 

Pennsylvania. 21 

Perkin Warbeck 121 

Persia 155. i 1 

Peru 222 

•oroush. Earl of 2U6 

:>n of Right 166 

Phil-a-del'phi-a 232. 234 

PhiH-bert 144 

Philip I. of France 

Philip LL of France 80. 

Philip VI. of France 95 

Philip DL of Spain 149 144 14 . 147. 150 

Philip IV. ofSpain 213 

Philip. Duke of Anjou 204 

Phil-ip'pa. Queen i^ 

Philip-pine Islands 

Philosopher's Stone 

Piets 19 

Pictures 

Filirriniaire of Grace 

Pihrrim's Progress. Bunvan's 

Tins 156 

Pitt William. Earl of Chatham - 

Piir. William, the Touni:-. 

S41. 249 

Plagcr 91 



IKDEX. 



299 



PAGE 

Plague, the Great 1S8 

Plains of Abraham, Battle of 225 

Plantagenet, Geoffrey 63 

Plantagenet, Origin of Name. 63 (note) 

Plantagenets 64 

Plantagenets, Last of 129 

Plas'sey, Battle of 229 

Plymouth 165 

Poet Laureate 214 (note) 

Poitiers (jwi-teerz 1 -), Battle of 97 

Poitou (pwah-too') 65, S3 

Pole, Cardinal 143,145 

Pon-di-cher'ry (sher-) 229 

Pope. Alexander 208 

Popish Plot 191 

Population of England 7, 59 

Population of London 211 

Porto Bello : 222 

Portsmouth, Duchess of. 190 

Por'tu-gal 242, 243 

Portuguese 180, 228 

Post Office 212 

Potatoes 156, 252 

Pottery and Porcelain.'. 254 

Pottinger, Sir Henry 263 

Prerogative, Royal 282 

Presbyterianism 200 

Presbyterians 177, 209 

Preston Pans, Battle of 224 

Pride's Purge 177 

Prince Albert 262, 260, 271, 272 

Prince Edward's Island 2s8 

Prince of Wales Island 285 

Prince of Wales, Title of 87 

Principalities, Danubian 268 

Printing 118, 120, 122, 214, 274 

Privy Council 281 

Protestants.... 143, 146 (note), 148, 151, 

164 

Prussia (proo'she-ah) 240. 241 

Prussians 226, 246 

Pun'jab 263 

Puritans.. 146, 152, 164, 167, 173, 209, 210 

Pym, John 170 

Pyramids, Battle of 237 



Quakers .- 209 

Que-bec' 225 

Queen of the Northern Seas 146 

Queen's Ware 254 

R. 

Radicals 250 

Baffles, Sir Stanford 284 

Raglan, Lord 266, 267, 268 

Raikes, Robert 251 

Railways 254 

Raleigh (raw'le), Sir Walter... 147, 156, 
160. 161, 162 

Ram'il-lies, Battle of 205 

Rangoon' 258 

Re-dan' 268 

Religion 250, 273 

Restoration 185 

Revenue 154 

Revolution of 1688 198 



PAGE 

Revolution, American 233, 250 

Revolution, French 237, 250 

Reynolds, Sir Joshua 254, 255 

Rheims (reemz) 112 

Richard 1 77 

Richard II 99, 108 

Richard III . .- 119, 120 

Richard de Clare (Strongbow) 75 

Richard, Duke of Gloucester.. .117, 118 

Richard, Duke of Normandy 84, 42 

Richard, Duke of York. . . . 114, 115, 127 

Richard, Son of William 1 58 

Richard Scrope 109 

Richelieu {reesh'e-lu) 165, 168 

Richmond, Duchess of 138 (note) 

Richmond, Earl of 119, 120 

Ridley, Bishop 140, 144 

Rivers, Lord 118 

Rizzio (reet'se-o) 149 

Roads 212, 254 

Robert, Duke of Normandy.. 57, 59, 61, 

62 

Robert, Earl of Essex 151, 153 

Robinson Crusoe 221 

Rochelle iro-shel') 165, 166 

Rod'ney, Admiral 226, 235 

Roger Ascham 142, 157 

Roger Bacon 90, 104 

Roger Mortimer 93, 94, 95, 103 

Rogers, John 143 

Romans 7, 16, 17 

Rome 133, 135, 220 

Rooke, Sir George 205 

Root-and-Branch Men 175 

Rosamond Clifford 75 

Rosetta Stone 240 

Rouen (roo'ang) 112 

Roundheads 171, 173, 209 

Ro-we'na 22 

Roxburgh 76 

Royal Academy of Art 255 

Royal Oak 180 

Royal Society for the Promotion of 

Science 214 

Rn'bens 213 

Ru'pert, Prince.... 173, 174, 176, 180, 187, 

191, 213 

Russell, Admiral 202 

Russell, Lord John 259 

Russell, Lord William 192, 193 

Russia (roo' she-ah) . . . 145, 155, 240, 241, 

247, 266 

Rye-House Plot 192 

Rys'wick, Treaty of 203 

S. 

Sabbath, Observance of 164, 167 

Sackville, Lord 226 

Safety Lamp, Invention of. 255 

Sailor King 259 

St. Alban (awl'ban) 21 

St. Alban's, Battle of 114, 115 

St. Arnaud {ar'no). General 266. 26S 

St. Au-gus-tine' (-teen) 25,26 

St. Brice, Ma>cacre of 3V 

St. George, Fort. 22£ 

St. Germains (zher-mang 1 ) . 197,198,204 
St. He-le'na 211,247,187 






INDEX. 



PAGE 

«] 1S1 

St. Patrick 74 

St. Paul's Cathedral 90, 9 188 

St Q r j.: in. Battle of.. 144 

St. Thomas of Canterbury. 136 

-din " 77, 18 

- lem -23-2 

balem Witchcraft 911 

: Law 

:ro ft. Archbishop 196 

Sandwich. Earl of 1ST. 211 

.-cens 

Sar-a-to'ga 234 

Sar-a-wak' 

Saunders 143 

- : Marshal 223.224 

- : ns IS. 19. 20. 22, 24. 25 

Schomberg {thorn-). Marshal 909 

Science 90. 122. 255. 2T4 

Vt Islands 906 

Seinde (staid] i 

Sc :.r. S-i > 

Scotia 19 

Scotland.. T. 59. 64. ~ r i " "■•:. 95. 
96. 137. 139, 174. 17 18 2 . 207. 919, 

... 
Scots. .23. 131. 139. 168. 174. 176. 171 - 

- and Picts 19. 20. 99 

Scott. Sir Walter 256 

3a pe, Richard 

- ns. Thomson's 229 

Se- - to-pol 2rt. 2k: . - 

Seen. ; 

- .rnioor. Battle of. 1 " 

Self-d . . _ 175 

-S son : - 

Sen'lac. Ba:tle of 

Serfdom 100, 109, 121 

- > 66. 102. 121 

V mb 1 War 995, I 

Se-re rns 

- Islands 981 

Lord 139 

Shakspeare 10. 11. 120. 152. 215 

Sheffield 911,233 

ichaid - 

Shelle.v 256 

SheppV 30 

i dan 931 

Ship Money Ib5 

Shiremote." 50 

- r Cloudesley 906 

irsbury, Battle of 109 

" M 

Sidney. Algernon 192. 193 

Sierra Leone 981 

Sikhs 263 

Manufacture 121. 156. 212. 253 

M utfort 54 85 • 

neral 268 

_ i-pore / 

:d 45 

211 

ry, Abolition of. 96 

Smith." Sir Sidney I - 

n 990 

Societr of United Irishmen 

M - Battle of 131 

Somerset, Duke of 113, 13 



Somerset. Earl of 162 

Sophia 207. 219 

Sophia Dorothe'a 221 

Soult. Marshal 243. 245 

S a America 169,931 - 

South Sea Bubble 

- tin ....130. 162. 165.210. 220. 2->i. . 

235. -242. 243. 258 

Spanish Succession. War of 205 

Spenser :". 

Spenser, or Dispenser 93 

Spices 211 

Spinster the Name > 51 

S it 211 

Staff rd, Viscount 191 

Si . :'ord Bridge. Battle of 18 

Stamp Act ..." 231 

- tan dard, Battle of the 64 

Standing- Army 914 

Stan'hope. Lofd 220 

Stanlev. Lord 120 

Stanley. S:r William 190, 1 9 

^tar Chamber. 153, 167. 170 

•^-Engine 252. 254 

m Navigation 959 

St le 20S 

Stephen 63 

Stephen Langton - - 

Stephenson. George 254 

S in^ Money 91 (note 

19 

_- S9 92 

Stoke 127 

- ft rd. Earl of 167. 169. 170 

St tthefyde - 94, 25 

- :on 

::_'bow iPdchard de CLare> 75 

Stuart. Robert, of Scotland 99 

Stuarts 160,213.234 

: - 16. 17 

^ - . 

Suffolk, Duke of 113 

.-. Establishment of. . 2">1 

■ . Act of 145 

jahDuw ah 225.229 

Su-rat' 161 

c •-. Earl of 131. 138, 139 

- --.-x - i 

len .: 189, 990, 235. 24 

DM) 1 

- a of Canute 43 

n, Son of Earl Godwin 45 

Swift 906 .- i . 255 

Svdnev. Sir Philip 151. 153 

- 

T. 

Tal-a-ve'ra. Battle of 

Ta'ra 

Tasman - 

- ia'nia 88 

Taylor 

Ta vlor. Jeremv 204 

Tea " 

Telescope. Herschel's . " 

. Temple. Sir William 

Te-nas'se-rim 

1 Ten'ny-son 



INDEX. 



301 



PAGE 

Test Act 191, 196 

Tewks'bury, Battle of 117 

Thack'e-ray 274 

Than'et Island 20, 30 

Theodore, King 271 

The-o-do'sius {she-us) 19 

Thistlewood 257 

Thomas a Becket 71, 72, 73 

Thomson, James 229 

Thur'kill 4L 

Til'sit 242 

Titus. Colonel ' 183 

Titus Oates 191 

Tobacco 156,211,252 

Toleration Act 200 

Tonnage and Poundage 165 (note) 

Tor bay 197 

Tor'res Ve'dras 244 

Tostig 47, 48 

Tou-raine / 65 

Tournament 67, 68 

Tou-lon' 223 

Tou-louse', Battle of 245 

Tow'ton, Battle of 116 

Traf-al-<;ar', Battle of 241 

Travelling 212 

Trial by Jury 102 

Trin'i-dad 289 

Trinity College 139 

Triple Alliance 189 

Tris'tan d'Acunha {dak-koon'yali).. 287 

Troyes (trivah), Treaty of 110 

Tudor, Henry 119 

Tudor. Sir Owen 119 

Tudors 153 

Tu'rin ... : 205 

Turkey 155, 210, 264 

Turks 239 

Turnpikes 212 

Tyn'dale, William 138 

Tyr-con'nel 201 

U. 

Ulm 241 

Uniformity, Act of 146, 186 

Union of England and Ireland. 239, 260 

Union of England and Scotland 207 

United States 234, 245, 252 

University of Oxford 34 

U'ra-nus, Discovery of 255 

U'trecht, Treaty of. 2U6 

V. 

Vacci nation 256 

Va-len'tia {-sJie-ah) 7 

Val-en-tin'i-an I 19 

Van-cou'ver's Island 288 

Van Die'men's Land 286 

Van Dyke 213 

Yane, &ir Henry 174, 175 

Van Tromp, Admiral 181, 182 

Var'na . 268 

Ven'a-bles, Admiral 183 

Ven'ice 130, 213 

Yer'non. Admiral 222 

Yer-u-la'mi-um . . , 8 

Yictoria, Queen 261 | 



PAGK 

Yictoria, Province of 286 

Vi-en'na, Congress of 246 

Viliers {vil'yerz), George 162 

Villains 66 

Villanage 100 

Yimeira (ve-ma'e-rah), Battle of 243 

Virginia 147,161 

Vit-to'ri-a, Battle of 244 

Vor'ti-gern 20, 22 

W. 

Wa'eram, Battle of 244 

Wakefield, Battle of 115 

Wales 8, 28, 86, 93, 280 

Walker, Defender of Londonderry. . 201 

Wallace. William 89 

Wal-la'chi-a 266 

Wal'ler, Sir William 175 

Wallis 214 

Walpole, Sir Robert 220, 221, 223 

■Walter Tyr'rel 60 

Wal' worth, Mayor of London 100 

Wan'di-wash, Battle of 229 

War of the Roses 114, 118, 121 

W T arwick %war'rik), Earl of.... 114, 116, 
117, 126, 140 

Washington, George 225, 233 

Wat Tyler 100 

Watson, Admiral 229 

Waterloo, Battle of 246 

Watt, James 253, 254 

Watts, Isaac 229, 251 

Wedarewood, Josiah 254 

Wel'les-ley, Sir Arthur 242, 243 

Wellesley, Province 265 

WeFling-ton, Duke of. 244, 245, 246, 259 

265 

Welsh 23, 28, 35, 47 

Wentworth, Sir Thomas 165, 167 

Wesley, John '. 250 

Wessex 8, 23 

W r est Indies 195, 210, 231, 252, 288 

Westminster Abbey 20, 26, 47 

Westminster Hall 60 

Whale Ships 211 

White Rose of England 128 

Whitefield, George 250 

Whitehall 134, 213 

Whittington 121 

Wi'cklitie, John 99, 101, 104 

Wight, Isle of. 177 

Wilberforce, William 261 

Wilkes, John 231 

William 1 54 

William II 59 

William III 203,212 

William IV 259 

William, Duke of Guienne 60 

William Fitz Robert 62 

William of Malmesbury 69 

William of Normandy 45, 46, 48 

William, Prince (son of Henry I.). . 63 

William, Prince of Orange 190, 197 

William, Kins of Scotland 75 

William and >Iary 197, 199 

Wind'ham, William 236 

Witchcraft 210 

Wit-an-ag'e-mQt . 49 



302 



IXDEX. 



PAGE 

Wolfe, General 225, 230 

Wolsey, Cardinal 131. 132, 1*3. 134 

Wool 99,103,118,121 

Woolen Cloth 212, 253 

Worcester 44 

Worcester. Battle of 180 

Wordsworth 256 

World's Fair 265 

Wren. Sir Christopher 188.213 

Wv'atr. Sir Thomas 139, 142 

Wych'er-ley 194 



PAGE 

Y. 

Yar'mouth 122 

York 18, 136. 174 

York. Duke of 185, 187, 190, 191 

Yorktown 234 

Young 256 

Young Ireland Party 26E 

Z. 

Zut'phcn, Battle of 150 (note) 



ANDERSON'S SCHOOL HISTORIES. 



Anderson's Pictorial School History of the United States. 

By John J. Anderson, A. M., Late Principal of Grammar School 
No. 31, New York City ; Author of a Grammar School and other 
Histories of the United States, and of a Manual of General History. 
Beautifully illustrated with about two hundred maps, portraits, vignettes, 
etc. "With an appendix containing the Constitution of the United 
States, with questions and explanations, and the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. 12mo. 400 pages. 

The distinctive features of this work are : — 1st. A system of maps, with map questions 
and references, combining the geography with, the chronology, thus teaching by the eye 
as well as the ear, and consequently making the impression upon the memory more last- 
ing. 2d. A second set of questions differing entirely from the first. These, by associat- 
ing facts belonging to the same class or train of events, require answers of a topical 
character, and thus compel the student to review his lessons with thoughtfulness. 



From the Hon. H. H. Van Dyck. former Superintendent of Public Instruction for the 

State of Nem York. 

"The books comprising Anderson's Series of School Histories have been in my pos- 
session during the last six months. I have examined -them' with consider. 'le care, and 
find them works of derided merit. There is a directness, clearness, and conciseness in 
the statements, and an admirable method connected with the chronological and geogra- 
phical features of the narrative, that commend them i dgment. To the instructor 
who aims at thoroughness in the knowledge imparted s pupils of cur Jtry'a 
history, these books are certainly invaluable. I recohlmenu -m without reservation," 

From C. B. Parsons, D. D., LL.D.. Chairman of Committee of Examination and Control 
of Public Schools, Louisville, Ky. 

"I have carefully examined the 'Pictorial History of the United States,' by John J. 
Anderson, and unhesitatingly pronounce it the best of its kind Q.hk *»«g fallqa under my 
observation. Its remarkable comprehensibility, so concisely' given „ Mrriinpmrvo" 
with its excellent arrangement of adaptation to the purposes of " ruction, cannot fail 
to recommend it to general use. I most cordially approve of its .^traduction into our. 
schools. 1 ' 

From Rev. J. M. Anderson, Principal of Ohio Female College, College Hill, Ohio. 
"The book stands well the most careful scrutiny. I am particularly pleased with the 
fairness of its statements as to the results of battles, etc. The history of our country is 
rich enough in great deeds to warrant the historian in telling the whole truth, and 
nothing but the truth, as to her reverses and misfortunes. Without truth, history is a 
delusion and a snare. In point of method, clearness, and succinctness of narration, 
also, I regard this book as incomparably the best manual of the kind that has appeared. 
None but a practical and experienced teacher could have produced buch a model class- 
book. We shall lose no time in introducing it into this Institute." 

From Miss Jane A. Bartholomew, the tvell-lcnown teacher of History in the Connecticut 

State Normal School. 
"In respect to symmetry of plan, proportionate arrangement of matter, correctness, 
clearness, and conciseness of statement, and in variety of explanatory information, it is 
superior to any other text-book in United Slates history used here. The seals of the 
States and miniature maps are valuable additions to the book; while the charts and 
questions for review, condensing gradually, as they do, its whole contents, meet a want 
which many teachers have neither the means nor ability to supply." 



PUBLISHED 15 Y 

db :mi.a_~ 

NEW TOIiK. 



ANDERSON'S SCHOOL HISTORIES. 



Anderson's Manual of General History. 

Being an Outline History of the World from the Creation to the Pres- 
ent Time. Fully illustrated with Maps. By John J. Anderson, A.M., 
Late Principal of Grammar School No. 31, New York City — Author of a 
Grammar School History of the United States, and of a Pictorial School 
History of the United States. 1 vol. 12mo. 420 pages. 
Characteristic Features. — 1. The latest authorities have been consulted; and the 
narrative, which is written with clearness and conciseness, is brought down to the pres- 
ent time. 2. Unimportant matters are entirely omitted, or only incidentally alluded to. 

3. The book is supplied with twenty-three maps, several of which are elegantly colored ; 
and on these the location of every important place mentioned is accurately shown, and 
the successive revolutions in the different nations of Europe and Asia clearly delineated. 

4. The pronunciation of all the proper names is accurately given in connection with the 
names as they occur ; and a pronouncing index is added, by which the whole subject may 
be reviewed by topics. 5. The plan affords frequent and systematic reviews, both ac- 
cording to the chronology and by topics. 

College of the City of New York, New York, March 21, 1809. 
"From such --xaminaiion as I have been able to give the Manual of General History, 
by John J. Anderson, A.M., I have formed the following opinion as to its merits. Its plan 
is comprehensive and judicious. The details are carefully chosen, and presented with 
clearness and accuracy. Superfluous and tedious matter is excluded; yet nothing of 
importance and within the grasp of youn^ pupils is passed over in silence. At the same 
time. I would not hesitate to make trial of it as a syllabus or framework for the more 
ample and n>.~ute inquiries of a college course. As a collection of facts to be committed 
to memory by students, whether of the higher grade or the lower, it appears ro me 
to be superior to any other school-book on the subject. It is particularly worthy of praise 
for its coming right down to the present time ; and it is alrogether the work of a highly 
intelliL acher for intelligent scholars. To both these classes of persons I heartily 

recommend it. "CHARLES E. ANTHON, 

"Professor of History, etc., College City of New York.' 1 '' 

From Prof. Thomas H. Burrowes, President Agricultural College, Penn., in the Pemi- 

sylvania School journal. 
"In a very sms 1 ! comnass this book (Anderson's Manual of General History) gives the 
whole History of the world, Jrom the Creation to the end of President Johnson's term of 
o3ice in this country: and gives it. too, in as pleasant and attractive style as probably is 
possible in a narrative which admits of nothing more than the briefest mention of the 
thousands of events to be recorded. We like especially the maps illustrating the chief 
historical periods — such as those of the Persian Empire, ancient Greece, the Eoman Em- 
pire, that of Charlemagne and the contemporary monarchs, etc. These are very instruc- 
tive. We can endorse this as a good compend of general history." 

From Prof. Wat. Preston Johnson, Prof, of History and English Literature, Washington 

College, Lexington, Va. 
"It is very hard to make a good elementary history, but the author appears to know 
how to teach and what to teach. His combination of geography with historical teaching 
is necessary, and he seems to give proper weight, but not undue place to chronology.'" 

From R. M. Lusher, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, La., and Agent for the 

Peabody Educational Fund. 

" This Manual is one of the best compilations I have ever sr en, and it certainly must 
effect a reform in the teaching of history in high schools and academies. The maps and 
chronological recapitulations in the body of the work are an invaluable feature. 1 ' 
From Prof. Thomas Emerson, Principal High-School, Woburn, 3Iass. 

" Your Manual of General History has already been introduced into our Hich-School, 
and subjected to the only real test of the merits of a book — daily use in the class-room. 
It is the best compend of geueral history I have yet seen. In the general division of the 
subject in the choice, and arrangement of the details, in the clearness and simplicity of 
the language, in the omission of the endless and uninteresting minutiae with which many 
text-books on this subject are cumbered, you have been highly successful. Unlike most 
compends of history, the narrative is well connected and pleasing, thereby attracting 
rather than repelling the student. Nor are the maps among the least valuable features? of 
the book. You have fully recoguized the principle that the study of History and Geog- 
raphy should go hand in hand It is extremely gratifying to find a book that 

furnishes the pupil with the leading facts of history in so attractive a manner, and leaves 
to the teacher so large an opportunity for oral instruction." 

Published by Clark & Maynard, 5 Barclay St,, New York. 




■ 



m 



ANDERSON'S SCHOOL HISTORIES. 



PRACTICAL BOOKS BY A PRACTICAL TEACHER. 



A Grammar-School History of the United States. 

By John J. Anderson, A.M., late Principal of Grammar School No. 
31, New York City; Author of a Manual of General History, A Picto- 
rial School History of the United States, etc., etc. Illustrated with 
more than 40 Maps. 16mo. 258 pages. 

Characteristic Features. — 1. The narrative is written with great clearness and 
conciseness, and is brought down to the present time. 2. Unimportant matters are en- 
tirely omitted, or only incidentally alluded to. 3. The history and the geography are 
taught. together. 4. The book is fully supplied with Maps, and the location of every 
place mentioned is accurately shown. 5. All the proper names are accurately pronounced 
in connection with the names as they occur. 6. The plan affords frequent and systematic 
reviews by topics. 7. Two entirely different sets of questions run through the book. 
8. It contains the Constitution of the United States, with full explanations and class- 
exercises. 9. It contains Washington's Farewell Address. 10. It contains, at the close 
of the book, a complete resume of the whole history, arranged for topical study and 
recitation. 11. It contains but 260 pages. 12. It is sold at a moderate price. 

The publishers believe that teachers who are tired of the cumbersome histories of our 
country now largely in use, and desire a book with which they can produce satisfactory 
results, will find that this work will exactly meet their wants. 



Department of Public Instruction, 

Superintendent" s Office, City of New York. 

" I have carefully examined Anderson's Histories, adopted by the Board of Education, 
and used in the Public Schools of this city, and cheerfully commend them to the favorable 
regard of teachers and School officers, as well adapted to the purposes of instruction in 
this branch of study, and as excellent and comprehensive compendiums of the leading 
events of history.'" S. S. RANDALL, Sup't of Schools. 

"Anderson's Histories have been in use in the Grammar Schools of this city from the 
date of their publication, and, as far as I know, have given the highest degree of satisfac- 
tion. They are written in a clear, concise style, are unusually accurate, and abound in 
exercises which only a practical teacher could have constructed, and which make them 
invaluable Class Manuals. They can scarcely fail to prove acceptable wherever practi- 
cally tried." HENRY KIDDLE, Ass't Sup't of Schools. 

From Fifty-seven Principals of Grammar Schools in the City of New York. 
'*We are using Anderson's Histories in our schools with complete success. For class- 
room instruction they are, we believe, superior to any other works on the subject with 
which we are acquainted." 

Department of Public Instruction, 

Superintendent's Office, Brooklyn. 
"This is to certify that I am well acquainted with Anderson's Histories, they having 
been in the Public Schools of this city during the last three years. After having seen a 
variety of works on the subject tried here, I am confident that Anderson's are decidedly 
the best for class-room instruction. They give the teacher just the aid he needs to 
produce satisfactoiy results, and I therefore give them my unqualified recommendation." 

J. W. BULKLEY, SupH of Schools. 
" Mr. Anderson has, I think, found the golden mean in nearly every feature that should 
characterize a judicious school history." 

JAMES CRUIKSHANK, AssH Sup't of Schools. 

From the Principals of the Grammar Schools in the City of Brooklyn. 

"It gives us pleasure, after using Anderson's Histories in our schools during the last 

two years, to say that we like them. The plan of instruction, combining the geography 

with the chronology of the narrative, is one which gives the books a decided superiority 

over the works of other authors on the subject. They have our hearty commendation." 



Published by CLARK & MAYNARD, New York. 



Bloss's Ancient History. 

Illustrated by colored Maps, and a Chronological Chart. For the use 
of Schools and Families. Revised and improved by John J. Anderson, 
A. M., Author of a Series of School Histories. 1 vol. 12mo. 450 pages. 

This work is a condensed history of the world as known to the Ancients 
of Europe and Asia. The narrative begins with the Creation, and, con- 
tinuing through the histories of Assyria, Egypt, and Rome, ends with the 
downfall of the Roman Empire. The style is exceedingly graceful and 
happy, combined with great brevity and clearness of statement. The 
study of Ancient Histoiy, which is usually so dry and uninteresting to the 
pupil, is, by the use of this work, made attractive and agreeable. The 
work contains large colored Maps and a Chronological Chart, and in 
addition to questions at the bottom of the pages, has a different set of 
questions at the end of the Sections, for topical review. It has also a full 
pronouncing index. 



From Miss Mart E. Thalheimer, Teaclier of History in the Packer Collegiate 

Institute. 

Packer Collegiate Institute, Brooklyn, March 8th, 1S69. 

"Bloss's Ancient History, as edited by Mr. Anderson, is used now for the second year 

in three Departments of the Packer Institute. ***** -poi' my own part, I have 

only to express a very high appreciation of the work, for the clear and attractive style of 

the narrative, and the great interest it has awakened in my classes. I know of no other 

School History which is at once so condensed and so entertaining, which, including so 

many nations and such various periods of time, manages to maintain so much of the 

charm of an easy flowing narrative with the accuracy of a general outline." 

From Dr. T. S. Pinneo, Author of a series of English Gtmmmars, Guide to Composi- 
tion, c£c, &c. 

"I have used Bloss's Ancient History in my classes with decided success. In style, 

in selection and arrangement of matter, in the union of comprehensiveness with brevity, 

and in its power of securing attention and interest, I know of no work that surpasses 

it. I can cordially recommend it as a model class-book." 

From Prof, A. Markham, Principal MilwauTcie Academy, MilwauMe, Wis. 
" I have examined Bloss's Ancient History with very great pleasure and satisfaction. 
The Maps and Chronological Chart are excellent, and contribute largely to the value and 
completeness of the work. The interesting style in which the book is written cannot 
fail to render it an attractive text-book for the student. It is just such a text-book as 
we have long needed." 

From Hon. A. E. Rankin, Secretary of the Vermont Board of Education. 
" Anderson's Bloss's Ancient History comprises in scarcely more than 400 pages an in- 
telligible outline of Ancient History, from the Creation of man to the Fall of the Roman 
Empire. It is the best text-book in this department that has come under my notice. 
The style is clear, concise, and attractive. The work exhibits the same care in systematic 
arrangement and judicious collocation of related facts, which have commended his scries 
of United States Histories to the intelligent teacher. It is easy to see that Mr. Ander- 
son has spent many years as a .practical teacher." 



Published by CLARK & MAYNAHI>, 

5 Barclay Street, New York. 



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